Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/593

LOLIGO LOLICO. See SQUID. LOLLARDS, a name given to several religious associations in the middle a'ges. Its etymology has been variously explained. Some suppose that it comes from the Ger. lullen, to hum, so that the term would signify persons speak- ing at religious services with a low, suppressed voice ; others consider it a term of reproach, derived from the old English word latter, a vagabond ; others derive it from Matthew Lol- laert, a Dutch heretic who was put to death. In some papal bulls and other documents, by a sort of pun, the term Lollard is used as a syno- nyme for lollia, the tares which grow up with the wheat of the church. The name first ap- pears in the Netherlands about the year 1300, and was sometimes given to a religious congre- gation of men who devoted themselves to nur- sing the sick and burying the dead, and who called themselves Alexians ; sometimes to the societies of the Beguins. In England it was applied to the adherents of Wycliffe as early as 1382, and in 1387 and 1389 it was used in epis- copal documents. It remained a common ap- pellation of the adherents of Wycliffe until the beginning of the reformation of the 16th cen- tury. The Lollards maintained all the princi- pal doctrines of Wycliffe, especially that of the Scriptures being the only rule of faith. At his death their number in England seems to have been very great. A chronicler of that time re- marks that it was difficult to meet two people in the street without one being a Wycliffite. John Hereford, doctor of theology in Oxford, John Ayshton, magister in Oxford, and John Purney, a friend of Wycliffe, were their lead- ing men. In 1394 they petitioned the parlia- ment for a reformation of the church. In 1401 an act of parliament de Tiaretico comburendo made death the penalty of heresy, and many suffered this punishment ; among them, in 1417, Sir John Oldcastle, Baron Cobham. The last executions took place in 1430 and 1431. After that time the Lollards ceased to be nu- merous, and were found almost exclusively among the lower classes. But toward the mid- dle of the 15th century a bishop of Chichester, Reginald Pecock, still mentions them in his principal work, "The Represser," as "erring persoones of the lay peple whiche ben clepid lollards." He calls them in another part of his work "Biblemen," and mentions expressly that they possessed the New Testament in the native language, that they learned it by heart, and that they preferred the reading of the Bible to the instruction given by priests and scholars. In 1494 several Lollards, men and women, were prosecuted in the western dis- trict of Scotland ; and in 1506 30 persons of Amersham, a principal seat of the Lollards, were punished for heresy. In the 16th cen- tury the Lollards gradually united with the reformed churches. LOLLI, Antonio, an Italian violinist, born in Bergamo about 1728, died in Sicily in 1802. Little is known of his youth, and he seems LOMBARDY 587 to have acquired his art without the assis- tance of teachers. After travelling extensive- ly he was from 1762 to 1773 concert master to the duke of Wiirtemberg, and applied him- self so assiduously to the mastery of his in- strument that he utterly eclipsed at Stuttgart a rival artist, Nardini, who returned in despair to Italy. Between 1775 and 1778 Lolli was at- tached to the court of Catharine II. of Russia, who loaded him with honors. Subsequently he performed in London, Paris, and other capi- tals. He was most celebrated for playing quick movements, and attained a wonderful rapid- ity and facility of execution. His compositions are of little value. His son Filippo acquired eminence as a performer on the violoncello. LOMBARD, Peter, or Petrus Lombardus, an Ital- ian theologian, born near Novara about the beginning of the 12th century, died in Paris about 1160. ' He first studied at Bologna, and St. Bernard placed him at the seminary of Rheims. He afterward entered the university of Paris, where he became a pupil of Abelard, and was so distinguished by his attainments that he was appointed tutor to Philip, son of Louis the Fat, and became professor of the- ology in the university, and in 1159 bishop of Paris, but soon relinquished this office in favor of Maurice of Sully. The most remark- able of his works is his Sententiarum Libri IV., a collection of passages from the fathers bearing on controverted points in theology. It acquired a great reputation, being employed in the schools as a manual, and made the text of innumerable commentaries. It was from this work that he derived his designation " mas- ter of sentences." It is still in repute, and was reprinted in Paris (2 vols. 8vo) in 1841. LOMBARDY, a division of northern Italy, ly- ing between lat. 44 54' and 46 37' K, and Ion. 8 32' and 10 50 ; E., and bounded K by the Alps, which separate it from Switzerland and Tyrol, E. by Venetia, S. by Parma, Pia- cenza, and Liguria, and W. by Piedmont ; area (inclusive of portions of Piedmont comprised in the province of Pavia), 9,085 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 3,460,824. It is divided into the prov- inces of Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Milan, Pavia, and Sondrio. The province of Mantua, formerly part of Lombardy, has been lately added to Venetia, reducing the area to about 8,000 sq. in. and the population to 3,104,838. The greater part of the country is a plain sloping southward from the Alps to- ward the river Po, and which, being profusely watered and highly cultivated under a genial climate, is one of the richest and most pro- ductive regions in the world. Sondrio and the greater part of Como and Bergamo are mountainous, lying on the southern slope of the Alps. Among the most celebrated sum- mits on the borders of Lombardy is the Splii- gen. Immediately S. of the mountain region is a sub-alpine or hilly district, beyond which spreads the great plain. The principal riv- ers are the Po and its tributaries, the Ticino,