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56 KRAYOYA successive terms president of the general council of the Lutheran church in America. He has been among the most active laborers in the liturgical movements of his church, ed- ited " The Jubilee Service," and bore a promi- nent part in the preparation of the " Church Book," set forth by authority of the general council in 1869. He has gathered a large and valuable library, and has become distinguish- ed as a Biblical and historical writer. He is a member of the oriental and philosophical societies, the historical society of Pennsyl- vania, and the American committee coopera- ting with the British committee in revising the authorized version of the Scriptures. His chief distinction as an author is due to a work entitled "The Conservative Reformation and its Theology " (8vo., Philadelphia, 1871). He has also published " Three Essays on Poverty," and a number of special discourses and of dissertations in explanation and defence of the Augsburg confession, and has contributed largely to theological and literary periodicals, especially upon the internal history and re- lations of the authorized version of the Scriptures. He has translated Tholuck's com- mentary on John (1859), and Ulricas review of Strauss (1874); and has edited Fleming's "Vocabulary of Philosophy," with an intro- duction and synthetical and bibliographical indexes (2d ed., 1860), and Berkeley's " Prin- ciples of Knowledge," with extended prole- gomena, Ueberweg's notes, and a large amount of original annotation (1874). KRAYOVA, or Krajova, a town of Roumania, capital of Little Wallachia, near the river Shyl, 113 m. W. of Bucharest; pop. in 1867, 21,521. It is a fine town, containing several churches, a court of appeal, a gymnasium, a normal and a Lancasterian school, and a public park. It has a considerable commerce, and in the vicin- ity are salt works. Sultan Bajazet was defeat- ed here in 1397 by the Wallachian waywode Mirxa. The Russians occupied the town in 1853, and had several skirmishes with the Turks, who regained possession in May, 1854. KREMENTCHUG, a town of European Russia, in the government and 60 m. S. S. W. of the city of Poltava, at the entrance of the Kagam- lyk into the Dnieper, over which a long bridge has been built; pop. in 1867, 20,251. It has seven churches, numerous factories of gold and silver ware, and is the most important com- mercial town of the government. KREMLIN. See Moscow. KREMNITZ (Han. Kormocz-Bdnya, the latter word meaning mine), the principal mining town and a free royal city of Hungary, in the connty of Bars, 82 m. N. of Pesth; pop. in 1870, 8,442. It is situated in a deep valley, surrounded by rugged hills and mountains, has several suburbs, a mint, various mining estab- lishments, smelting and washing works, a vit- riol factory, paper mills, and other manufacto- ries, and contains the principal offices of the surrounding gold and silver mining region. KRONSTADT An aqueduct supplies it with water. Its mines consist of about a dozen principal and various minor shafts, the produce of which has greatly decreased in recent times. The Austrian ducats are coined in Kremnitz. The town was found- ed in the 12th century by German emigrants, whose descendants form the present population. It has a castle, a Catholic gymnasium, six churches, and a hospital for miners. KREMS, a town of Austria, in the crown- land of Lower Austria, at the entrance of the river Krems into the Danube, 38 m. W. N. W. of Vienna; pop. in 1870, 6,114. It has four churches, a college of the Piarists, a gymna- sium, a military school, and manufactories of silk, velvet, and steel ware. KREMSIER, a town of Moravia, 20 m. S. S. E. of Olmiitz, on the March or Morawa, over which there is a chain bridge 70 ft. long ; pop. in 1870, 9,823. It is the summer residence of the archbishop of Olmtitz, has three churches, a castle with a picture gallery, library, and mu- seum of natural history, a monastery of the Piarists, a gymnasium, and a military institu- tion. From Nov. 15, 1848, to March 7, 1849, the Austrian Reichstag was assembled here. KREUZNACH. See CREUZNACH. KRILOFF. See KEYLOFF. KRISHNA. See INDIA, RELIGIONS AXD RELI- GIOUS LITERATURE OF. KRISHNA, a river of India. See KISTNAH. KRONSTADT, a seaport of Russia. See CRON- STADT. KRONSTADT (Hun. Brasso), a city in the Saxon division of Transylvania, Transleithan Austria, near the frontier of "Wallachia, 65 m. E. S. E. of Hermannstadt ; pop. in 1870, 27,766, of whom about 10,000 were Germans, 9,000 Roumans, 4,000 Magyars, and the remainder chiefly Jews and gypsies. It is the largest and most flourish- ing town in Transylvania, situated in a narrow valley enclosed by mountains. Charming villas on the slopes, with here and there an old castle on the heights, give a varied and picturesque aspect to the surrounding scenery. It consists of an inner town, which is encircled by a wall and entered by five gates, and three suburbs, of which one, called the upper town or Bolgar, extends into the mountain passes, winds up the slopes, covering them with beautiful country mansions and well kept gardens and orchards, and is the favorite residence of the wealthy Roumans. The principal streets of the in- ner town are well paved and clean, and the houses generally well built. It has a large mar- ket place, with two fountains, and at the main gate an esplanade covered with avenues of shady trees. There are three gymnasia, sev- eral other schools, a chamber of commerce, and military hospital. Kronstadt has iron and copper works, paper mills, manufactures of woollen, linen, and leather, and carries on a brisk trade in the products of th'e region. The foundation of Kronstadt is traced back to the early part of the 13th century. In the 16th it was the starting point of the reformation in