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642 LORIENT LORRAINE LORIENT, or L'Orient, a seaport town of Brit- tany, France, in the department of Morbihan, on the bay of Biscay, at the mouth of the river Scorf, which is here joined by the Blavet, 266 m. "W. S. W. of Paris, and 30 m. W. by N. of Vannes; pop. in 1872, 34,660. It has a dock- yard with 16 building slips, connected with which are an arsenal, a school of naval artil- lery, artillery barracks, &c. The port is capa- cious and safe, lined by handsome quays, and surrounded by magnificent buildings, among which is a signal tower on an eminence S. of the harbor, from which vessels can be seen 30 m. out at sea. The trade and commerce, once of considerable importance, have greatly de- cayed. The exports are chiefly flour, wine, brandy, liqueurs, woollens, cottons, and hard- ware. The only manufacture of consequence is of hats. It is the seat of a maritime prefec- ture, has courts of commerce, a chamber of commerce and exchange, a school of hydrog- raphy, and a communal college. The origin of Lorient is due to the naval depot founded there in 1666 by the French East India company, which from this circumstance took the* name of Port deV Orient, "port of the East." The build- ing of the town was commenced in 1720, and in 1744 it was fortified. In 1770 it was made one of the four stations of the French navy, and a free port ; but the revolution annihilated its commerce, and it has never been recovered. LORME, Marion de. See DELOBME. LORIVSKU. I. Karl Ignaz, a German physi- cian, born in Bohemia, July 24, 1796, died at Patschkau, Prussian Silesia, Oct. 2, 1853. He studied in Prague and Berlin, where he gradu- ated in 1817. He was connected for some time with the veterinary school in Berlin, and sub- sequently with the medical college in Stettin, and was medical councillor in various places till 1850, when he retired. He was a high authority on epidemic and cattle diseases. His principal works are : Encylclopadie der Thiey- Jieillcunde (Berlin, 1820) ; Lehre von den Lun- genkrankheiten (1823) ; Zum ScJiutze der Ge- sundheit auf Schulen (1836), which opened a protracted controversy, during which more than 70 treatises were published on the sub- ject, and led to the restoration of gymnastic exercises in Prussian gymnasia ; Untersuchun- gen uber die Rinderpest (1831), which saved Silesia and other countries from a renewed outbreak of the cattle disease ; a treatise on the cholera, in the Jahrbucher fur wissenschqft- liclie KritiTc, which produced great difference of opinion among physicians, and resulted in the removal of the military cordons which had been established to arrest the spread of the epidemic; and Die Pest des Orients (1837). His autobiography, edited by his son, appear- ed in 1864. II. Franz, a Roman Catholic the- ologian, son of the preceding, born in Ber- lin, March 12, 1821. He studied in Breslau, Munich, and Rome, took his doctor's degree in Munich in 1844, and became a pastor in Breslau and spiritual director at the seminary of priests. The latter office was conferred upon him after the publication of his JEntwiclc- elung und Fortschritt in der Kirchenlehre (Breslau, 1847). He edited the ScJiletisches Kircheriblatt from 1852 to 1864, and published various works, including translations of the writings of Balmes and other Spanish phi- losophers, and narratives of his travels in Spain. He also translated Calderon's plays for religious festivals (Geutliche Festspiele, 9 vols., Ratisbon and Breslau, 1856-'66). LORRAINE (Ger. Lothringeri), an old prov- ince of N. E. France, formerly bounded &". by Belgium, Luxemburg, and Rhenish Prussia, N. E. by Rhenish Bavaria, E. by Alsace, S. by Franche-ComtS, and S. W. and W. by Cham- pagne, thus comprising the territory now con- stituting the departments of Meuse, Meurthe- et-Moselle, and Vosges, besides various dis- tricts now ceded to Germany. Its principal rivers are the Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe, Sa6ne, and Ornain ; the principal products are iron, salt, and other minerals, timber, grain, wine, and cattle. The inhabitants are mostly of German race, but only in a small part, be- tween the Vosges and Metz, has the Ger- man language maintained itself; this part is therefore called German Lorraine. The prov- ince was formerly divided into the duchy of Lorraine, comprising Lorraine proper, German Lorraine, and the territory of Vosges, with Nancy, Saargenmnd, and fipinal as capitals; the duchy of Bar, the capital of which was Bar-le-Duc ; and the "three bishoprics," Metz, Toul, and Verdun. Under the Roman empe- rors, the country formed a part of the province of Belgica Prima. It was conquered by Clovis, and on the division of the Frankish kingdom under his sons belonged to Austrasia. When the empire of Charlemagne had been repeated- ly divided among his descendants, the division or kingdom of Lothaire, son of the emperor Lothaire L, received the name of Lothars Eylc in Low German, or Lothari JRegnum in Latin, whence sprang the names Lotharingia in me- diaeval Latin, Lorraine in French, and Lothrin- gen in German. His possessions, however, by far exceeded the limits of modern Lorraine, extending from the Moselle to the North sea. After his death in 869, Lorraine was divided between France and Germany, but subsequent- ly the whole of it was attached to the latter empire. In the 10th century it was given by Otho the Great to his brother Bruno of Co- logne, and was subsequently divided into Low- er and Upper Lorraine. The former in later times received the name of Brabant, and even- tually became a province of the dukes of Bur- gundy. The latter retained its name, and was conferred about the middle of the llth century by the emperor Henry III. upon G6rard of Alsace, the founder of a long dynasty of dukes, who with some interruption 'ruled Lorraine down to 1737, and some of whom greatly dis- tinguished themselves in the wars of France and the empire. Collateral branches of the