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650 LOUGH LOUIS I. and undertook the compilation of a large work on horticulture. In order to perfect his knowl- edge of continental gardening, he visited France and Italy in 1819. In 1822 his " Encyclopaedia of Gardening " made its appearance ; in 1825 his " Encyclopaedia of Agriculture;" in 1829, his " Encyclopaedia of Plants " (of which, how- ever, little more than the plan was his own) ; and in 1838 his "Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, or an Account of all the Trees and Shrubs, whether Wild or Cultivated, of Great Britain." This work, the most laborious and expensive of all his literary undertakings, proved a source of great pecuniary embarrass- ment to its author, involving him in difficulties which preyed on his health and accelerated his death. He produced various other works, among them an "Encyclopaedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture," Avhich has be- come a handbook with all rural and suburban builders in England. In 1826 he established the "Gardener's Magazine," which he con- tinued till his death ; in 1828, the " Magazine of Natural History;" in 1834, the "Architec- tural Magazine," suspended in 1838;*and in 1836, the " Suburban Gardener." All these he edited simultaneously with the progress of his Arboretum, notwithstanding that he had for years suffered under great bodily infirmities, and had lost by disease his right arm and the use of all but two fingers of his left hand, being thus obliged to employ an amanuensis. II. Jane, an English authoress, wife of the pre- ceding, born near Birmingham in 1808, died in London, July 13, 1858. Her father, Mr. Thomas Webb of Ritwell hall, having met with reverses of fortune in building specula- tions, she "turned her attention to literature, and published in 1827 a novel entitled " The Mummy," containing a quasi-prophetic descrip- tion of the steam plough, which, attracting the attention of Mr. Loudon, led to an acquaint- ance, which in 1831 resulted in their marriage. Mrs. Loudon contributed to many of her hus- band's works, and after his death prepared new editions of some of the most important of them. She received a pension of 100 from the civil list for services rendered to science by her husband and by herself. Among the works which she wrote or compiled herself are: "Gardening for Ladies " (London, 1840; new ed., 1849) ; " Ladies' Companion to the Flower Garden " (1841 ; 5th ed., 1847) ; " La- dies' Flower Garden of Bulbous Plants " (4to, with numerous colored plates, 1844) ; " British Wild Flowers " (1846) ; and " Botany for La- dies "(1849). LOUGH, John Graham, an English sculptor, born at Greenhead, Northumberland, in 1804. He is the son of a small farmer, and in child- hood taught himself drawing and modelling. He went to London, and in 1826 exhibited at the royal academy a bass-relief of "The Death of Turnus," and in 1827 the model of a colos- sal statue of Milo, which was afterward exe- cuted in marble for the duke of Wellington. From 1834 to 1838 he studied in Italy, execu^ ting many commissions for English patrons. Returning to England, he produced numerous fanciful works, and subsequently gave special attention to monuments, portrait busts, and statues. Among his works in these depart- ments are statues of Queen Victoria in the royal exchange (1845) and Prince Albert in Lloyd's (1847). At the world's fair of 1851 he exhibited, among other works, a colossal group, "Satan subdued by the Archangel Michael." Among his monuments are one to Southey at Keswick, one to George Stephenson at New- castle-on-Tyne (1862), and one to the first Lord and Lady Studley, for which a mortuary chapel was erected in 1874 at Toddington. He has executed life-size statues of many of Shake- speare's principal characters. LOUGHBOKOUGH, a market town of Leices- tershire, England, on the Midland railway, 9 m. N. N. W. of Leicester; pop. in 1871, 11,588. It has a free grammar and several other schools, a philosophical and a literary institution, and several church of England, Roman Catholic, and dissenting places of worship. The chief manufacture consists of hosiery, especially the kind called patent Angola. LOUIS I., le Debonnaire (the Compliant), or the Pions, king of the Franks and emperor of the West, born at Casseneuil, Aquitania, in 778, died at Ingelheim, near Mentz, June 20, 840. He was the son of Charlemagne, re- ceived when a child the title of king of Aqui- tania. and in 813 was associated in the impe- rial dignity with his father, whom he succeed- ed in the following year. On his accession he permitted the Saxons, whom Charlemagne had transported W. of the Rhine, to return to their own country. Animated by justice* and full of good intentions, he tried at first to re- form his own family, the court, the clergy, and the provincial administration ; but his va- cillating disposition unfitted him for the task, and finally brought misery upon him and dis- order upon the empire. In 817, yielding to the request of his sons, he shared with them the government of his vast dominions, giving Aqui- tania to Pepin, Bavaria to Louis, and Italy to Lothaire. His nephew Bernard, being thus de- prived of the latter kingdom, which he had in- herited from his father, revolted against him, was defeated, taken prisoner, had his eyes put out, and died in consequence. The emperor, under the impulse of remorse and the re- proaches of the bishops, subjected himself to a public penance in a national assembly at Attigny in 822. -Having had a fourth son by his second wife, Judith of Bavaria, he formed for him, at the diet of Worms in 829, a new kingdom out of the countries he had already distributed among the three eldest sons ; these, being dissatisfied with this arrangement, re- volted against their father, whom his partiality to his wife and her reputed paramour Bernard, duke of Septimania, had made unpopular. They seized his person, and had him deposed, while