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LOUIS XI. (FKANCE) 653 offer was subsequently made to his brother Charles of Anjou, he suffered that prince to ac- cept it, and furnished him with men and money for the conquest of Naples in 1265. Three years later he began to prepare for a new crusade, and on July 1, 1270, embarked with 60,000 men for Tunis. On landing he formed a camp amid the ruins of Carthage, where he waited in expectation of forming an alliance with the sultan of Tunis, who, it had been rumored, was disposed to embrace Christianity. A pes- tilence soon broke out among the French, and Louis, whose health had long been feeble, was seized with the disease and died after a fort- night's illness, having before seen one of his sons expire. His other son and successor, Philip III., who was also at the point of death, recovered and saved the remains of the army. Among the important acts of Louis IX. is the pragmatic sanction, issued in 1269, forbidding the levying of moneys for the court of Eome without royal consent. See Joinville's His- toire de St. Louis, edited by Natalie de Wailly (Paris, 1873), and Guizot, Histoire de quatres grands Chretiens franpais (2 vols., Paris, 1873). LOUIS XI., king of France, the sixth of the house of Yalois, and son of Charles VII. by Marie of Anjou, born in Bourges, July 3, 1423, died at Plessis-les-Tours, Aug. 30, 1483. He gave early evidence of a passionate temper and a cruel disposition. In 1436 he married Mar- garet of Scotland. In 1440 he took part in the aristocratic rebellion known as la Pra- guerie, although he was far from being partial to the nobility. The plans of the insurgents were foiled, and Louis, becoming reconciled to his father, received the province of Dauphiny as his apanage. He participated in several military expeditions, and in 1444 was sent by his father at the head of the " great companies " or escorchevrs to aid the emperor Frederick against the Swiss, whom he defeated near Ba- sel, but to whom nevertheless, through policy, he granted favorable terms of peace. On the death of his wife (1445), his hostility to his father's mistress, Agnes Sorel, caused great trouble at court ; he is said to have slapped her in the face, and was afterward charged with poisoning her. In 1446 the disagreement be- tween him and the king caused Louis to retire to Dauphiny, which he governed as an inde- pendent principality, evincing uncommon ad- ministrative talents. In 1451 he married, not- withstanding his father's opposition, Charlotte, daughter of the duke of Savoy. The quarrel between the king and his son, embittered by in- terested courtiers, came to such a pitch that in 1456 Charles VII. marched against the dauphin at the head of a strong army. The latter es- caped to Burgundy, where he was welcomed by his uncle Philip the Good, who treated him with the utmost generosity. From his cousin Charles, count of Charolais, afterward Charles the Bold, he received equal kindness. Al- though repeatedly summoned to return to France, Louis refused to obey. He was called to the throne upon his father's death, July 22, 1461. Thenceforth he bent all his energies to the destruction of the aristocracy whom he had once supported against his father, and ulti- mately to that of the very princes of Burgundy by whom he had been protected. As early as 1465 a coalition of princes, called the league of the public good, among whom were his for- mer friend the count of Charolais, 'the dukes of Brittany and Bourbon, and the celebrated Dunois, was formed against him, with his own brother, the duke of Berry, at their head. Louis fought a drawn battle with them at Montlhery; but fearing the consequences of a protracted contest, he offered them advan- tageous terms, giving Normandy to his brother, the cities along the Somme to Burgundy, and offices and pensions to others. The following year, however, he succeeded in rescuing his provinces from the grasp of his antagonists. In 1467 a new league was formed, headed by Charles the Bold, who had become duke of Burgundy. In the hope of conciliating Charles, the king paid him a visit at Peronne, while his own emissaries were inciting the citizens of Liege to rebellion against the duke. He thus placed himself in the power of this fierce prince, who, enraged at the news he received from Flanders, kept the king in con- finement for three days, and consented to spare his life only on the most disadvantageous terms. Louis released the duke from all alle- giance, gave the county of Champagne to his brother, and was obliged to assist Charles in taking and punishing the very city which he had encouraged to revolt. His only consola- tion in this circumstance was the vengeance he took upon Cardinal Balue, who had betrayed him ; he caused him to be confined for about 11 years in an iron cage. The subsequent pol- icy of Louis was more successful. The treaty of P6ronne was declared null and void by an assembly of notables at Tours in 1470, upon which a new revolt broke out ; but this was frustrated chiefly by the death of the king's brother, which occurred so opportunely in 1472 that Louis was suspected of having got rid of him by poisoning. Charles the Bold, present- ing himself as the avenger of the young prince, invaded the northern provinces of France, but was checked by the heroism of the inhabitants of Beauvais. Upon the death of Charles (1477), Louis at once seized the duchy of Burgundy proper, Franche-Comte, Artois, and the cities along the Somme. Maximilian of Austria, the husband of Charles's daughter Mary, made war upon Louis for the recovery of these posses- sions. Gaining an indecisive victory at Gui- negate (1479), he had finally to yield to the su- periority of the king, who by the treaty of Arras (1482) preserved his conquests, partly unconditionally, partly as the dower of young Margaret of Austria, the daughter of Maximil- ian and Mary, to whom he betrothed his son. Meanwhile he had triumphed over nearly all his other enemies. He had retaken Perpignan