Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/67

KUHNER R1JHNER, Raphael, a German philologist, born in Gotha, March 22, 1802. He studied in Got- tingen, and became in 1824 teacher of Latin and Greek at the lyceum of Hanover. His Greek and Latin grammars and translations have become text books in German, English, American, and Scandinavian schools. The prin- cipal of them are : Ausfuhrliche Grammatik der griechischen SpracJie (2 vols., Hanover, 1834-'5; latest ed., 1869-'71) ; Kurzgefasste Schulgrammatilc (1836 ; 25th ed., 1869) ; Ele- mentargrammatilc (1837; 29th ed., 1868); and similar works relating to Latin. Rl KOLMK, Nestor, a Russian author, born in 1808. He was employed in the civil service, and retired with the title of actual councillor of state. He became known in 1833 by his drama "Torquato Tasso," and in 1840 by a tragedy with choruses for which Glinka com- posed the music. His tragedy " Patkul " was favorably received in 1846, and the Crimean war suggested to him two plays, the "Naval Festival of Sebastopol" and the "Siege of Azov." He has also written many historical novels and stories, one of the most recent of which, "The Two Sisters" (St. Petersburg, 1865), relates to the Polish insurrection. Kl'LJA* ! A province of the Russian gov- ernment general of Turkistan, in central Asia ; area, 27,500 sq. m.; pop. in 1871, 114,337. After the expulsion of the Chinese from the basin of the Hi, this region was for a time ruled by the sultan of the Taranji, who resided in the town of Kulja. Hostile demonstrations of the sultan against the Russian frontier led, in May, 1871, to a Russian expedition, which on July 3 ended with the submission of the sultan. The country was organized as a Rus- sian province, and provisionally divided into four circles. II. A town, also called Hi, cap- ital of the province, formerly the capital of Dzungaria, the northwesternmost dependency of China, but since 1871 occupied by and an- nexed to Russia; pop. about 30,000. It is situ- ated on the Hi, about 350 m. E. of its mouth in Lake Balkash, and has long been one of the centres of the transit trade of central Asia. RULM (Boh. Chlumec), a village of Bohe- mia, in the circle of Leitmeritz, 8 m. N. E. of Teplitz, noted for a battle between the allies and the French, Aug. 29-30, 1813. After his victory at Dresden (Aug. 27) Napoleon was marching upon Silesia, when Schwarzenberg's advance from Bohemia made him retrace his steps, and he despatched Yandamme with 30,000 men to frustrate the enemy's design. Schwar- zenberg was obliged to fall back upon Teplitz, and the allies were only extricated from a dangerous dilemma through the valor of the Russian general, Duke Eugene of "Wiirtemberg ; but the latter would have been overwhelmed on Aug. 29 in the valley of Kulm, if his di- vision had not made a most desperate resist- ance, and if the king of Prussia, on hearing of the emperor Alexander being on the battle field, had not sent reinforcements. These en- KUMAON 61 abled the allies to maintain their position at Arbesau near Kulm. As the night approached Vandamme encamped in the vicinity of Kulm, anticipating the arrival of Napoleon, or at least of Marshal Mortier ; but the former had al- ready left for Pirna, and both were soon obliged after the defeat at Grossbeeren to re- turn to Dresden. The French were on the following day surrounded by the allies, who had been placed by Schwarzenberg under the command of the Russian general Barclay de Tolly. The left wing, which occupied the heights of Kulm, was turned early in the day, while Kleist attacked the French in the rear from the direction of Nollendorf. After a futile attempt to cut his way through to the latter place, Vandamme was obliged to sur- render with three other generals and 10,000 men as prisoners of war, after having lost 5,000 men and over 80 pieces of artillery. RULM, a town of Prussia. See CULM. RUM, or Room, a town of Persia, capital of a district of the same name in the province of Irak-Ajemi, 78 m. S. by W. of Teheran. It is important from its situation on the high road between the N. and S. portions of the country. Anciently it was a place of great magnificence, and had a population of 100,000; the number is now only about 8,000. Portions of the town are in ruins, it having been destroyed by the Afghans when they invaded Persia in 1722. Within its walls is the tomb of Fatima, a near descendant of the prophet, who is believed to have an intercessory influence. Her tomb is covered with plates of gold, and the city is on her account one of the most favorite burial grounds in the country. The bazaars are nu- merous and extensive. There are manufactures of chinaware of inferior quality, of pottery, and of jars for cooling water, which are much esteemed. The town is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Choana, and to have been built early in the 9th century, from the ruins of seven towns, which composed a small sovereignty under an Arabic prince. RUMANIA. See CUMANIA. RUMAON, a district of the Northwest Prov- inces in Brit'sh India, bordering on the Hima- laya mountains, Nepaul, Rohilcund, the Dehra Doon, and the district of Gurwhal ; area, about 7,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 430,300. The surface is very diversified. The southern portion is either forest-clad plain almost desti- tute of water, or marsh land, while toward the north the surface is broken by numerous mountains, some of which are among the highest in the world. The climate in the low region is sultry and deadly ; in the alpine dis- tricts, temperate, invigorating, and healthful. Earthquakes are common. The principal rivers are the Kalee, Goonka, Aluknunda, Surju, and Gorigunga. The valleys and low lands are fer- tile, and in the warmer districts yield two crops annually. The tea shrub has been suc- cessfully introduced. The chief mineral pro- ductions are gold, lead, copper, and iron. The