Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/672

666 LOUIS "LOUISA Rudolph of Hapsburg, and son of the emperor Albert I., was proclaimed emperor by the mi- nority, under the name of Frederick III. A long war between the two rivals ensued, which, after the devastation of a large part of Ger- many, was terminated by the battle of Ampfing or of Miihldorf, Sept. 28, 1322, which made Frederick the captive of Louis. His election was annulled by Pope John XXII., who in 1323 ordered him to abdicate, and on March 21, 1324, he was excommunicated. The same year he married Margaret of Holland. He was summoned to appear before the pope, July 11, but the diet of Ratisbon declared the citation null; and in 1325 he concluded a treaty with Frederick, releasing him -from captivity on condition that he would return if he should prove unable to persuade his adherents to ac- knowledge the imperial title of the victor. Not succeeding in this object, Frederick kept his promise, and Louis not only renewed his early friendship with him, but made him gov- ernor of his hereditary possessions in Bavaria. In 1327 he declared the pope a heretic, start- ed for Italy, and was crowned in Milan, and on Jan. 17, 1328, in Rome, by the bishops of Venice and Aleria. He deposed Pope John, and procured the election of Peter de Corbi- ere, who took the title of Nicholas V. But this step caused a general movement against the emperor in Italy, which compelled him speedily to retire from Rome. John XXII. not only maintained himself, but he as well as his successors Benedict XII. and Clement VI. continually endangered the position of the em- Seror by raising up foreign enemies and rivals i Germany. Of the latter, Charles of Bohe- mia was in 1346 elected emperor. Louis, how- ever, having strengthened his power in Ger- many by patronage bestowed on his son Louis, as well as by the inheritance of Holland, Zea- land, Friesland, and other possessions through his wife Margaret of Holland, was enabled in 1347 to prepare for another expedition to Italy, when he suddenly died while hunting, of apo- plexy, or, as some believed, of poison. Charles succeeded him as the fourth of that name. LOUIS, Pierre Charles Alexandra, a French phy- sician, born at Ai, department of Marne, in 1787, died in Paris in September, 1872. He received his degree of M. D. at Paris in 1813, and subsequently entered the hopital de la charite in that city, where he studied diag- nosis and pathological anatomy. His first works, RecJierches anatomico-pathologiques sur la pJithisie (Paris, 1825), and RecJierches sur la membrane muqueuse de Vestomac, &c. (1826 ; 2d ed., 1843), procured him admission to the academy of medicine. His reputation mean- while rapidly increased, and his position as a pathologist was one of the most eminent in Paris. In 1828 he was a member of the med- ical commission sent to Gibraltar to examine into the causes and cure of yellow fever, and concurred in the report on the disease pub- lished in 1832. In 1854 he retired from prac- tice, with the reputation of one of the first physicians in his peculiar department in Eu- rope. He is particularly distinguished for having first brought prominently into notice the importance of medical statistics as a means of acquiring information as to the characters, causes, phenomena, and particularly the mor- tality of disease. He declared that the im- pressions received by the individual practition- er from observing and recollecting isolated cases were often imperfect or deceptive ; and that genuine and trustworthy knowledge could be gained in medicine only by counting a large number of similar cases, and recording accu- rately the proportion of those in which each particular symptom or event occurred. This was known as the numerical method, and has no doubt exerted a great and beneficial in- fluence on modern scientific medicine. Among his remaining works are : RecJierches sur la fievre typho'ide (2 vols., 1828; enlarged ed., 1841) ; Examen de V Examen de Broussais (1834); and Recherches sur les effets de Id saignee dans quelques maladies inflammatoires (1835). He also wrote a variety of memoirs and papers on medical subjects. LOUISA. I. A central county of Virginia, bounded N". by the North Anna river, and drained by the South Anna and Little rivers ; area, 570 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 16,332, of whom 10,063 were colored. The surface is hilly, and the soil somewhat exhausted. It contains gold mines, but they have not been profitable. The Chesapeake and Ohio railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 126,- 353 bushels of wheat, 151,942 of Indian corn, 126,387 of oats, 930,226 Ibs. of tobacco, and 75,914 of butter. There were 1,734 horses, 2,375 milch cows, 1,159 working oxen, 1,658 other cattle, 2,088 sheep, and 6,354 swine; 17 flour mills, 1 manufactory of pig iron, 4 of to- bacco, and 1 distillery. Capital, Louisa Court House. II. A S. E. county of Iowa, bordered E. by the Mississippi, and intersected by the Iowa river; area, 542 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 12,877. The soil is very fertile, especially on the borders of the streams. The Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Minnesota railroad, and the Southwestern branch of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 221,171 bushels of wheat, 931,263 of Indian corn, 169,452 of oats, 74,788 of potatoes, 51,425 Ibs. of wool, 383,- 926 of butter, and 25,880 tons of hay. There were 7,255 horses, 5,987 milch cows, 12,601 other cattle, 12,835 sheep, and 26,478 swine; 9 manufactories of carriages, 8 of saddlery and harness, 1 of woollen goods, 2 flour mills, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Wapello. LOUISA (LmsE AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMA- LIE), queen of Prussia, born in Hanover, March 10, 1776, died at the palace of Hohenzieritz, near Strelitz, July 19, 1810. She was the daughter of Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and was married, Dec. 24, 1793, to the crown prince of Prussia, who succeeded to the throne in 1797