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LOWE government of Antigua; but family reasons prevented his accepting it, and in 1825 he was made commander of the forces in Cey- lon. In 1830 he was promoted to be a lieu- tenant general, and he returned to England in 1831. He wrote, in defence of his course with the captive emperor, Memorial relatif a la captimte de Napoleon d Ste. Helene (2 vols., Paris, ^1830). In 1853 the "History of the Captivity of Napoleon," from his letters and journals, was published by William Forsyth. LOWE, Johann Karl Gottfried, a German com- poser, born at Lobejun, near Halle, Nov. 30, 1796, died in Kiel, April 20, 1869. He was professor of music at Stettin for about 45 years. He excelled in ballads and songs for one voice, and his oratorios "Gutenberg," "Huss," "The Destruction of Jerusalem," and "The Seven Sleepers" displayed great origi- nality. He was less successful in his operas. LOWE, Robert, an English statesman, born at Bingham, Notts, where his father was rector, in 1811. He was educated at Winchester and Oxford, graduating in 1833. In 1835 he be- came a fellow of Magdalen college, and from 1836 to 1842 was a private tutor. In the lat- ter year he was called to the bar, and went to Australia, where he acquired a large fortune by his practice. He was a member of the le- gislative council of New South Wales in 1843- '50, and for a short time represented Sydney in the legislative assembly. As a leader of the opposition party, he took an important part in elaborating the system of education which has prevailed in the colony. Having returned to England in 1851, he was member of parliament for Kidderminster from 1852 to 1859, and for Calne from 1859 to 1868. He was one of the joint secretaries of the board of control in 1852-'5, vice president of the board of trade and paymaster general in 1855-'8, and vice president of the education board in 1859-'64. He was one of the most earnest opponents of the reform bill in 1866-"T. He had even pre- viously become very unpopular with the work- ing classes, his election in 1857 being attended with serious riots. He declined office under Lord Derby, but in 1868 became chancellor of the exchequer and a member of the council on education under Mr. Gladstone. The same year he was elected the first representative in the house of commons for the university of London, which seat he continues to hold. In 1873 he was transferred to the post of home secretary, which he resigned on the fall of the Gladstone ministry in February, 1874. LOWE, Sophie, a German vocalist, born in Oldenburg, March 24, 1815, died in Pesth, Nov. 29, 1866. She studied under Cicemarra in Vienna, and made her first appearance there in opera in 1832. Subsequently she won much applause in Berlin, especially as Susanne in "Figaro;" but she was more suc- cessful in Germany and Italy than in Paris. She had a magnificent voice and an imposing style of beauty. She retired from the opera LOWELL 691 in 1848, on her marriage with the Austrian general Prince Frederick of Liechtenstein. LOWELL, a city and one of the shire towns of Middlesex co., Massachusetts, the third in the state in point of population, situated on the Merrimack river, at the mouth of the Concord river, 25 m. N. W. of Boston; pop. in 1830, 6,474; in 18'40, 20,796; in 1850, 33,383; in 1860, 36,827; in 1870, 40,928, of whom 14,435 were foreigners, including 9,103 natives of Ire- land, 3,039 of British America (mostly French Canadians), and 1, 697 of England. There were 7,649 families and 6,362 dwellings. The site of the city has many inequalities, but the streets are regularly laid out, and are well paved, sew- ered, and lighted with gas. The principal pub- lic buildings are the court house, the city hall, the school houses, of which 15 are of brick, and the churches ; and there are many elegant residences. The village of Belvidere in the E. part is the handsomest portion of the city. There are several public squares, some of which are handsomely laid out and ornamented ; and in one of them is a monument erected to the memory of Ladd and Whitney, who fell in the attack upon the sixth Massachusetts regiment in Baltimore, April 19, 1861. The cemetery in the S. part of the city is well situated and handsomely laid out. Street cars accommo- date local travel. The railroads centring here are the Boston and Lowell, Lowell and Nashua, Lowell and Lawrence, Stony Brook, Salem and Lowell, Framingham and Lowell, and Lowell and Andover (in progress). Lowell was long the leading cotton manufacturing city of the country, but it is now surpassed by Fall River in the number of spindles. The Pawtucket falls in the Merrimack, which has here a de- scent of 30 ft., are the source of its prosperity. The water power is owned by a corporation, styled "the proprietors of the locks and ca- nals on Merrimack river," chartered in 1792, the stock of which is owned by the manufac- turing companies. It leases to the companies water power to the amount of about 10,000 horse power. The canal around the falls, ori- ginally intended for navigation, was purchased and devoted to manufacturing purposes in 1821. It was enlarged and a new one built in 1847. The Wamesit power company controls and leases to manufacturers the water power on the Concord river, amounting to about 500 horse power. The capital invested in manufac- tures is upward of $16,000,000; number of mills, &c., 80 ; number of looms, 15,189 ; of spin- dles, 678,521; hands employed, about 16,000 (6,000 males and 10,000 females) ; yards of cot- ton goods made per week, 2,660,000; of wool- lens, 60,000 ; of carpeting, 37,500 ; of shawls, 2,500 ; dozen of hosiery, 16,800 ; Ibs. of cotton consumed, 780,000; of clean wool, 152,500; yards dyed and printed per annum, 64,951,200 : steam engines employed, 50, of 6,188 horse power. The following table shows the condi- tion of the nine principal cotton and woollen manufacturing companies in January, 1874: