Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/711

LUCIAN the auctioneer. Pythagoras brings 10 minse ; Diogenes, with his rags and cynicism, but 2 oboli ; for Democritus and Heraclitus there are no bidders ; Socrates is knocked down to Dion of Syracuse for 2 talents ; Epicurus goes for 2 minse ; Chrysippus the Stoic is bought for 12 ; while Pyrrho, whose price is not mentioned, persists in doubting whether he has been dis- posed of or not, even after having been sold, paid for, and delivered. "The Banquet," or u The Lapithae," is one of the most humorous of all Lucian's dialogues. The scene is a wed- ding feast at which a representative of each of the principal philosophic sects is a guest. The unlettered portion of the company behave with propriety ; but the philosophers com- mence a discussion which ends in a pitched battle. The " Dialogues of the Dead " have found numerous and distinguished modern imitators, including Fontenelle, Voltaire, and Lord Lyttelton. The earlier editions of Lu- cian's works are those of Florence (1496) and Venice (1503). The best are those of Hemster- huis and Reitz (3 vols. 4to, Amsterdam, 1743), and Lehmann (9 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1821-'31). There is an incomplete English version by Dr. Thomas Franklin (4 vols. 8vo, London, 1781) ; a much superior German one by Wieland (6 vols., Leipsic, 1788-'9) ; a French translation by De Ballu (6 vols., Paris, 1788) ; an Italian translation by Manzi (1819-'20) ; an English version of the entire works by William Tooke (2 vols. 4to, London, 1820); selections, with English notes, by Evelyn Abbott (London, 1872) ; and an English translation by W. Lucas Collins (Edinburgh, 1873). LUCIAN, Saint, an early Christian theologian, born in Samosata about the middle of the 3d century, died in Nicomedia about 310. Having lost both his parents when 12 years old, he distributed his inheritance to the ppor, and removed to Edessa, where he was baptized, and became the pupil of Macarius, a Christian famed for his Biblical learning. Having been admitted to orders, he went to Antioch, and there opened a theological school, attended by numerous students. He was excommunicated for heresy by three successive bishops of An- tioch, and remained without the pale of the church for several years. He was in fact the founder of Arianism, and even the great leader who subsequently gave name to that form of doctrine did not disdain to avow himself his disciple, as is evident from a letter addressed by him to Eusebius of Nicomedia, in which he calls that prelate "fellow Lucianist." Lucian finally submitted to the authority of the church, and attained a higher reputation for learning and piety than ever. In the persecution un- der Maximin, having been arrested in Antioch, he was transported by land to Nicomedia, and put to the torture, soon after which he died in prison. He was the author of two short treatises on the Christian faith, and of some letters. All of the letters have perished, ex- cept one fragment, preserved in the "Alex- LUOILIUS 705 andrian Chronicle." His greatest work was a revision of the Septuagint, which was generally used in the eastern churches. LUCIFER, or Phosphorus (Lat. and Gr., the light bringer), the classic name of the planet Venus when it is the morning star, Vesper or Hesperus being its name when seen in the evening. In mythology Lucifer was the son of Astrseus and Aurora, and together with the Hours had charge of the horses and chariot of the sun. Lucifer is also one of the names of the devil. It occurs in the old versions in a passage of the prophecy of Isaiah (xiv. 12), in which the king of Babylon is compared with the morning star, and which has been understood by the church fathers in an alle- gorical sense, according to the usage which makes Babylon the embodiment of evil, and its fall the overthrow of sin. This use of the name has been confirmed in literature by the poet Milton, who adopts it in "Paradise Lost," making Lucifer the original name of the archangel who fell, carrying with him the third part of the host of heaven, and who is now called Satan. LUCIFER, bishop of Cagliari, died about 370. In 354 he was sent by Liberius, bishop of Home, as legate to the council of Milan, to uphold, in conjunction with Eusebius of Ver- celli, the cause of the Catholic church against the Arian emperor Constantius. In conse- quence of the firmness with which he with- stood the wishes of Constantius, he was ar- rested, and carried from place to place as an exile. While residing at Eleutheropolis in Palestine he composed his principal work, Ad Comtantium Augmtum pro Sancto AtTianasio. On the death of Constantius Lucifer was re- stored to freedom, and commissioned by the council of Alexandria to aid in healing the disorders which afflicted the church of Antioch in consequence of the supposed Arianism of Meletius its bishop. His violence, however, only increased those disorders, and exposed him to the censure of his best friends. Cha- fing under the rebuke, and disgusted with the moderation of his party, he retired in 363 to his native island of Sardinia, and there found- ed a small sect, known as Luciferiani, whose most distinguishing characteristic was invete- rate hostility to Arianism. The first edition of his works appeared at Paris in 1568 ; the best is that of the brothers Coleti (Venice, 1778). LUCILIUS, Cains, a Latin poet, born in Suessa, a city of the Aurunci, in 148 B. C., died in Naples in 103. He served at a very early age under the younger Scipio in Spain, and is said to have been maternal grand-uncle of Pompey the Great. He was one of the fathers of Latin poetry, and, if not absolutely the inventor of. Roman satire, he was at least the first to give it the form afterward fully developed by Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. The satires of Lucilius (as they are collectively called, though many of them appear not to have been of a satirical character) originally consisted of 30 books, of