Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume X.djvu/730

724 LUPISTE LUSHINGTON many-leaved lupine (L. polypfiyllus), as that has long been in cultivation as a showy garden plant ; its stems grow 2 to 5 ft. high ; the long- petioled leaves have 10 or more leaflets, and the raceme, 1 to 2 ft. long, is covered with blue or purple flowers ; in some instances the flowers are white. Large, well established clumps of this are exceedingly beautiful; it is readily raised from seed, but the plants should be set where they are to bloom when quite young, as large specimens are apt to die when trans- planted; this is sometimes found in gardens under the name of L. macropJiyllus. Among the yellow-flowered species of the western coast are L. arboreua, L. sulphureus, &c. ; and among the white-flowered ones, L. densifiorus is sometimes seen in gardens. L. arboreus often reaches the height of 10 ft. and forms a large bush, which is quite shrubby at base; while an annual species (L. uncialis), recently described by Mr. "Watson, is less than an inch high. Some of the exotic lupines in cultiva- tion are the yellow lupine from Europe (Z. luteus) ; the hairy lupine (L. Mrsutus}, with very hairy leaves and pods, and flowers blue, rose color, or white; and the whitfe lupine (L. albus), which has its leaves smooth above and hairy beneath, and smooth pods. The last named species grows spontaneously in the Mediterranean region, and was formerly used as pulse; it is now employed in continental Europe as a green manure, the crop being ploughed under for the purpose of enriching the soil, in the same manner that our farmers use clover and buckwheat, a practice men- tioned by Columella and other early writers on agriculture ; the seeds of this species, as well as those of L. termis, are sparingly used as food by Egyptians and Arabs; the seeds are fed to poultry, and the young tops of the plants are eaten by cattle. Perhaps the most important economical use of the lupines is one recently determined by the experiments of the San Francisco park commission. Much of the land directly upon the coast consists of shift- ing sands ; deep cuttings disclosed the fact that the roots of some species of lupine pene- trated to the depth of 20 ft., and suggested the idea that these plants might be made useful in binding the loose sands ; barley, which germi- nates more rapidly than the lupine seed, was sown to protect the lupines while very young, and this held the sands until the slower-grow- ing plants became established ; the species of lupine selected were L. arboreus and L. albi- frons, which grow naturally in such situa- tions. In a single year the lupines covered the sands with a dense vegetation 2 to 3 ft. high, sufficient to prevent them from shifting during the severest storms, and to allow of the growth of various maritime pines, willows, and other trees, as well as such grasses as flourish in sandy localities. A revision of the genus lupinus, by Sereno Watson, is to be found in the "Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences," vol. viii. (May 13, 1873). LURCHER. See GREYHOUND. LURISTA1V, a province of Persia, bordering on Irak-Ajemi, Ears, and Khuzistan; area, about 20,000 sq. m. ; pop. unknown. It is ex- tremely mountainous, being bordered by the El wend, Awas, and Luristan ranges, and hav- ing the Bakhtiyari running through it, parallel with these, from N. W. to S. E. It is watered by the upper courses of the Kerkha and Ka- run rivers. Many of the valleys are luxuriant and fruitful; but the inhabitants are entirely nomadic, and there is no agriculture. Several tribes, dwelling in tents, wander about here, owning no allegiance but to their immediate chiefs, and waging continual war upon one an- other. The most ferocious of these are the Bakhtiyari. The only town is Khorremabad, 90 m. S. of Hamadan, which contains about 1,000 huts, a fortress, and a palace. LUSATIA (Ger. Lausitz), a region of Germany, which formerly constituted the two margravi- ates of Upper and Lower Lusatia, the former being the southern division. They were bound- ed N. by Brandenburg, E. by Silesia, S. by Bo- hemia, and W. by the duchy of Meissen ; area about 4,200 sq. m., of which the southern part is mostly mountainous. The inhabitants are Germans and Wends, the latter descendants of the ancient Slavic Lusici and Milzieni, and speaking a peculiar Slavic dialect. Lusatia was made tributary to the German empire in the earlier part of the 10th century by Henry L, and finally subdued and converted to Christian- ity by his successor Otho I. Its possession, however, was for many centuries an object of contention between the princes of Poland, Bo- hemia, Brandenburg, and Meissen. In the lat- ter part of the 15th century it submitted to Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. After his death it was reannexed to Bohemia, with which it became subject to Ferdinand I. of Hapsburg, brother of the emperor Charles V., in 1526. Having revolted during the thirty years' war against the sway of Ferdinand II., it was subdued by John George, elector of Sax- ony, and ceded to him in 1635. By the treaty of Vienna, of 1815 all Lower with a part of Upper Lusatia was ceded to Prussia, the for- mer being annexed to the province of Branden- burg, and the latter to that of Silesia. The remaining part of Upper Lusatia forms the cir- cle of Bautzen in Saxony. Gorlitz, Luckau, and Guben are among the principal towns of Prussian Lusatia ; Bautzen, Zittau, and Ca- menz, among those of the Saxon division. LUSHINGTON, Stephen, an English jurist, bora in London, Jan. 16, 1782, died Jan. 21, 1873. He was the second son of Sir Stephen Lush- ington. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1806, and became an advocate at doctors' com- mons in 1808. In 1820 he was one of the counsel engaged in the defence of Queen Caro- line. He was appointed judge of the consis- tory court in 1828, and of the high court of admiralty in 1838. He was a liberal member