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LUTHEEAN CHUECH 735 pen ; and in church history, Schrockh, C. W. F. Walch, Staudlin, and Planck. The founder of the mediating theology of the 19th century was Scbleiermacher (died 1834), the greatest of the advocates of the union between the Lu- theran and Eeformed churches of Germany. (See UNITED EVANGELICAL CHUECH.) Neander may be classed as pietistic supranaturalist, De Wette as historico-critical rationalist, Hase as philosophico-sesthetic rationalist. The chief defenders of common rationalism are Eohr, Paulus, Wegscheider, Bretschneider, and Am- mon in his earlier writings ; of historico-criti- cal rationalism, Winer, Fritzsche, Credner, Schulz, Von Colin, Gesenius, Tuch, Knobel, Hupfeld, Hitzig, Ewald, Bertheau, and Len- gerke. The rational supranaturalistic school is represented by Tzschirner, Tittmann, 0. F. K. Eosenmiiller, and Baumgarten-Crusius ; su- pranaturalism proper, or suprarationalism, by E. G. Bengel, Flatt, Heubner, Augusti, Hahn, Bohmer ; pietistic supranaturalism by Tho- luck (who approached more closely at a later date to a thoroughly Lutheran position), Heng- stenberg, Olshausen, Stier, Havernick, Steiger, and Bunsen in his early position, though sub- sequently rationalist. The representatives of the "new" or "German" theology, of the school of Schleiermacher, of Lutheran origin, are Lticke, Nitzsch, Julius Miiller, Ullmann, Twesten, Dorner, Liebner, and Martensen ; also Eothe, I. T. Beck, Auberlen, Umbreit, Bleek, H. A. W. Meyer, Huther, Wieseler, and Tischendorf. The writers of the 19th century whose names we have given are or were with- in the " Union," and defenders of it, with a few exceptions. The representatives of the Lutheran theology, for the most part, in its strictest sense, are Glaus Harms, who struck the first decisive blow at rationalism (1817), Scheibel, Sartorius, Eudelbach of Denmark (one of the most learned of the orthodox theo- logians of our time), Guericke, Harless, Hp- fling, Thomasius, Philippi, Harnack, Kahnis in his earlier writings, Dieckhpf, Lohe, Vilmar, Krabbe, Kliefoth, J. C. K. von Hoffmann (who departed from the received view of the atone- ment), Delitzsch, M. Baumgarten, Luthardt, Drechsler, Caspari, Oehler, Keil, and J. H. Kurtz. Two distinguished jurists, K. F. Go- schel and F. J. Stahl, are to be included among the defenders of the Lutheran confession. In the United States the energies of the best men of the church have been directed mainly into the channels of practical activity; yet there has nevertheless been an honorable exhibition of theological ability and learning. Among the most prominent Lutheran theological writers are S. S. Schmucker, one of the principal au- thors and defenders of the " eclectic or Amer- ican Lutheran system ;" C. Philip Krauth, the first president of Pennsylvania college, and senior editor of the "Evangelical Review" (quarterly) in its earlier volumes ; and C. F. Schaeffer. B. Kurtz, C. F. W. Walther, Prof. M. L. Stover, J. W. Mann, Lape, Van Al- 514 VOL. x. 47 stine, Harkey, Oswald, and Anspach have writ- ten valuable practical works ; and Strobel and Weiser have furnished popular history and biography. J. G. Morris has an extensive rep- utation as a translator and elaborator of some of the best German religious fictions, and as a successful occasional writer. C. W. Schaeffer is the author of the best history of early Luther- anisni. Krotel has translated the " Life of Melanchthon." J. A. Seiss, H. I. Schmidt, T. Stork, W. Passavant, J. Fry, S. S. Sprecher, F. W. Conrad, S. and G. Fritschel, E. Greenwald, M. Loy, W. F. Lehmann, A. Spaeth, C. D. Bernheim, and J. Bachman also deserve men- tion. There are six publication establishments, two English, three German, and one Swedish. The Lutheran periodicals in the United States are : English, 13 ; German, 22 ; Norwegian, 7; Swedish, 5; Danish, 1. V. EDUCATION. The early efforts of Luther in behalf of edu- cation (see COMMON SCHOOLS, vol. v., p. 157, and EDUCATION, vol. vi., p. 413) were con- tinued by his successors through the means of catechetical instruction, congregational and public schools, and universities. There are no exclusively Eeformed universities in Germany proper. The universities which the Lutheran church has in part or in whole may be classi- fied as follows : 1, those in which the three confessions are represented Tubingen, Gies- sen, Breslau, and Bonn; 2, the two confes- sions, Lutheran and Eeformed Heidelberg, Greifswald, Marburg, Konigsberg, Halle, Er- langen (the professors Lutheran with one ex- ception), and Berlin; 3, exclusively Lutheran Leipsic, Eostock, Jena, Kiel, and Gottingen ; in Denmark, Copenhagen; in Norway, Chris- tiania ; in Sweden, Lund and Upsal ; in Eus- sia, Dorpat. In the United States the Lutheran church has 17 colleges, 15 theological semina- ries, 17 academies, 7 female seminaries, and a great number of congregational schools. VI. EAELY MISSIONS. In 1559 Gustavus Vasa of Sweden founded a mission among the Lapland- ers, which was continued with renewed ear- nestness by Gustavus Adolphus, Denmark also aiding. Thomas von "Westen (died 1727) was the apostle of this mission. Heyling of Lti- beck, without any aid, labored as a missionary in Abyssinia (1635), and others, of the circle of his friends, engaged in the same cause in various parts of the East. Frederick IV. of Denmark established the East India mission at Tranquebar(l706), for which Francke furnish- ed him two devoted laborers, Pltitzschau and Ziegenbalg, ie latter of whom translated the New Testament into Tamil (1715). The labors of this mission were also extended to the Eng- lish possessions. From the orphan house at Halle went forth a succession of missionaries, among whom Schwartz (died 1798) is preemi- nent. An institution for the conversion of the Jews was established at Halle in 1728. Egede (died 1758) of Norway commenced his labors in Greenland in 1721. In 1736 he returned, and established in Copenhagen a mission semi-