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758 LYONS many of the looms at work as they can, and employ compagnons for the remainder. The latter are not permanent residents, but remain in the city only while there is a demand for their labor. Apprentices and lanceurs (chil- dren who prepare bobbins, &c.) constitute the rest of the operatives. The silk merchants supply the raw silk and the patterns to the owners of the looms, to whom is intrusted the task of producing the web in a finished state. Half the wages paid by the silk merchants go to the owners of the looms and half to the laboring weavers. Most of the raw silk reaches Lyons through London, and some also via Paris and Marseilles. A school of art (in- stitution de la Martinidre), to which a profes- sor is attached who teaches the adaptation of designs to the loom, or the mise en carte, and which gives free instruction in drawing and modelling to about 200 pupils, has done much to improve manufacturing skill. The demand from the United States has given a great im- pulse to the silk industry of Lyons, and led to the manufacture of a cheaper but strong kind of fabric. In connection with the silk trade is an establishment in the palais des foaux-arts, called the condition, where, by the agency of heat, the un wrought silk is reduced to an equa- ble weight and dryness. The weavers are im- perfectly educated, but are not much addicted to intemperance. Continuous hard labor, how- ever, has degraded them physically ; they are subject to scrofulous and spinal diseases and rheumatism, and many of them are exempted from military service on account of debility or deformity. The upper and middle classes of Lyons are thriving, and include many fami- lies of great wealth. The neighborhood of the city is adorned with a great number of beau- tiful villas. One great drawback to the more rapid increase of the industrial establishments is the want of coal. The deficiency of water has been remedied since 1856 through the opera- tions of the great water works company, in con- nection with the canalization of France. The same company has also introduced a better system of sewerage. The ancient city of Lug- dunum was mainly built on the hill of Four- vi^res (anc. Forum Vetus). Munatius Plancus, governor of Gaul, founded there a colony as early as 43 B. 0. Augustus, under whom it became the capital of the province (Gallia Lugdunensis), established there a senate, a college of magis- trates, and 'an athenaeum. It also became the centre of the four great Roman roads which traversed Gaul. Caligula instituted there games and festivals. Claudius, who was born there, gave to Lugdunum the privileges of a Roman city. In A. D. 58 it was destroyed by fire, but rebuilt by Nero. Trajan, Hadrian, and Anto- ninus erected in the city many monuments, and annual fairs were established. Having declared for Albinus, it was pillaged by his rival Sep- timius Severus after his victory near the town (197). Several martyrs were put to death du- ring the persecutions against the Christians, St. Pothinus among the number, and according to later writers also St. Irenseus. Attila deso- lated the city in the middle of the 5th century, when most of the great Roman monuments were destroyed, although a few relics of them still remain. From that time until the be- ginning of the 14th century the city was suc- cessively under the sway of the Burgundians, Franks, German emperors, and its feudal arch- bishops and municipal council. Under Philip the Fair it was annexed to France. During the following period the city acquired great celebrity by its trade and industry. It was fortified by Francis I., and embellished with quays and fine edifices under Louis XV. The citizens manifested great enthusiasm in behalf of the revolution of 1789, and subsequently embraced the Girondist party. Afterward they rose against the convention, killing the president of the Jacobin club (Challier), and the city was subjected to a siege by a republi- can army under Kellermann at the beginning of August, 1793, and compelled to surrender after a heroic resistance of two months. As a punishment the convention doomed the city to destruction. Collot d'Herbois and Fouche" were sent there as commissioners ; the city and its environs were deluged with blood, and several thousand persons were put to death. Under the reign of Napoleon I., when the loom of Jacquard, a native of Lyons, was introduced, the city recovered its prosperity ; but it was again shaken in 1814 and 1815, and still more seriously by the commercial crisis which fol- lowed the revolution of 1830. A strike for higher wages produced in November, 1831, a terrible insurrection. The operatives seized the h6tel de ville, but evacuated it on the ar- rival of Marshal Soult and the duke of Orleans. A formidable political outbreak in April, 1834, could only be quelled after several days' fight- ing in the streets. A new calamity was added by the inundation of 1840. The revolution of 1848, however, did not create any great dis- turbances. In 1856 Lyons was desolated by another inundation. During the war of 1870- '71 it was repeatedly the scene of popular com- motions, which were however easily checked. The radical spirit of the masses manifested it- self after the war chiefly under the mayoralty of Barodet, and in the election of Ranc to the national assembly in May, 1873. LYONS, a town and village, capital of Wayne co., New York, on the Erie canal and the New York Central railroad, 44 m. W. of Syracuse, and 36 m. E. of Rochester ; pop. of the town in 1870, 5,115 ; of the village, 3,350. The village contains a handsome court house, a national bank, 20 peppermint distilleries, several manu- factories, a graded public school, two weekly newspapers, and seven churches. The annual production of oil of peppermint amounts to 100,000 Ibs., and there is considerable trade in tobacco, grain, cider, apples, and other fruit. LYONS, Gulf of (Fr. golfe du Lion ; anc. Gal- licus Sinus, also Mare Gallicum), a gulf of the