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MADAME Madagascar" (2 vols., London, 1838), "Three Visits to Madagascar" (1858), and "The Mar- tyr Church" (1870); Ida Pfeiffer, ."A Visit to Madagascar" (London, 1861); L. McLeod, "Madagascar and its People" (London, 1865); S. P. Oliver, "Madagascar and the Malagasy" (London, 1866); and J. Sibree, "Madagascar and its People" (London, 1870). MADAME (Fr. ma and dame, my lady), a French title, originally applied only to female saints and ladies of quality, but now extended to married women generally. Under the old French monarchy the daughters of the sover- eign received this title at their birth, and were designated Madame Elisabeth, Madame Vic- toire, &c., the eldest only being called simply Madame. It applied more particularly per- haps to the wife of Monsieur, the king's eldest brother, or to the eldest daughter of the dau- phin, by but one of whom, however, it could be borne at a time. The daughters of the king's younger sons and of his brothers and uncles were called Mesdemoiselles, the one taking precedence of the others in rank or birth being Mademoiselle. MADAWASKA, the N. W. county of New Brunswick, Canada, formed in 1873 from a portion of Victoria co. ; area, about 1,500 sq. m. It is watered by the Madawaska river and other affluents of the St. John, which separates it on the S. W. from Maine. The surface is rolling and varied; the soil is very fertile. Capital, Edmundston. MADDALONI, a town of Italy, in the province of Caserta, 14 m. N. N. E. of Naples, with which it is connected by rail ; pop. about 18,000. It is built around the base of a hill, two peaks of which are crowned with an old castle and the church of San Michele. It con- tains six churches, four convents, a college, a hospital, and the ancient palace of the dukes of Caraffa. There is a large aqueduct to Ca- serta. An important trade is carried on in wine and agricultural products. The town dates from the 9th century, and is supposed to occupy the ancient site of Suessula. MADDEN, Sir Frederick, an English antiquary, born in Portsmouth in 1801, died in London, March 8, 1873. In 1825 he was employed to assist Mr. Roscoe in preparing a catalogue of the MSS. at Holkham, the property of the earl of Leicester of Holkham, and from 1826 to 1828 he was engaged in the British museum to as- sist in compiling the classed catalogue of print- ed books. He then became assistant keeper of the department of MSS., and in 1837 suc- ceeded to the keepership. He became an editor of the Collectanea Topographica et GeograpJii- ca in 1834. During his administration the, department was considerably enlarged. In 1 832 he was made by William IV. a knight of the Hanoverian order, and in 1834 he was gazetted as one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber. In 1866 he retired from his office in the British museum, and devoted himself to private liter- ary research. He published many works re- 519 VOL. x. 52 MADDER 815 lating to literary antiquities ; among them are editions -of the romances of "Havelok the Dane " and " Sir Gawayne," the Saxon poem of "Layamon's Brut," Wycliffe's Bible, "The Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary," and the letterpress to Shaw's "Illuminated Ornaments selected from MSS. and Early Printed Books." He also contributed many articles to the " Archseologia," among which one entitled " Observations on the Autograph of Shakespeare " attracted much attention, as supporting the authenticity of the celebrated autograph of the great poet found in a copy of a translation of Montaigne's "Essays." MADDEN, Richard Robert, an Irish author, born in Dublin in 1798. In 1829 he became a fellow of the royal college of surgeons. From 1833 to 1847 he was employed in the civil service, especially in connection with the suppression of the slave trade, and as a commissioner he visited the United States, Jamaica, and Cuba. In 1847 he was colonial secretary of Western Australia; and since 1850 he has been secre- tary to the loan fund board in Dublin castle. His principal works are : " Travels in Turkey, Egypt, &c., in 1824-'7 " (2 vols., London, 1829) ; " The Mussulman, a Tale " (3 vols., 1830) ; " The Infirmities of Genius" (2 vols., 1833); "A Twelvemonth's Residence in the West Indies " (2 vols., 1835) ; " The United Irishmen of 1798 " (in 3 series, 2 vols. each, 1842, '3, '6) ; " Con- nection of the Kingdom of Ireland with the Crown of England" (1845); "Shrines and Sepulchres of the Old and New World " (1851) ; "The Life and Martyrdom of Savonarola" (1854) ; "Memoirs of the Countess of Blessing- ton" (1855); " Phantasmata, or Illusions and Fanaticisms of an Epidemic Character " (1857) ; "The Turkish Empire in its Relations with Christianity and Civilization" (1860); "Gal- ileo and the Inquisition" (1863); and "The History of Irish Periodical Literature" (1st series, 2 vols. 8vo, 1867). MADDER, a plant (ruMa tinctorum), the roots of which are employed as a red dye. It was known and used by the ancients, and a correct description of the plant is given by Dioscorides under the name of ereuthodanon. The plant belongs to the natural order rubiacece, is a na- tive of the south of Europe, and is largely cul- tivated in France, Asia Minor, and Holland ; experiments have been made in cultivating it in some parts of this country, but it has not yet found a place in our agriculture. The roots are perennial, and throw up annual slen- der, quadrangular, jointed stems, a few feet in length, and furnished with prickles, by which they are held in climbing upon other plants. The leaves are produced in whorls at the joints, at which point the branches are borne in pairs; the flowers are in clusters at the ends of the branches, have a rotate yellow corolla, and are succeeded by a small, globular, two-lobed, juicy berry. The roots, proceeding from a central head, are long succulent fibres. Those esteemed the best for dyers' use are from the size of a