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840 MAFFEI MAGALHAENS restored in 1860. Prominent among the other numerous places of worship, including several for Calvinists, is the church of Notre Dame, with two towers and an ancient crypt. Among the principal schools is an athenaeum. Public gardens were laid out in 1838. Besides an arsenal, there is a military magazine, and the garrison generally consists of 2,000 soldiers. The principal manufactures are leather, cloth, soap, and rifles. There are brandy distilleries and breweries. Tobacco, madder, and chicco- ry are raised in the vicinity. Maestricht suf- fered greatly in resisting Spanish domination. After expelling the Spaniards, the city was immediately reconquered by the duke of Alva, Oct. 20, 1576. Having risen again, it was in March, 1579, invested by Alexander Farnese, who was repulsed early in April. He then built a chain of forts around the city, and compelled its surrender, but with great loss of life on both sides, followed by a dreadful mas- sacre of the inhabitants, in which 6,000 men, women, and children perished. Walloon set- tlers and vagabonds took the place of the for- mer population, and it was not till 1632 that the city was retaken by Prince Frederick Hen- ry of Orange. It was confirmed to the states general by the treaty of Westphalia (1648). In 1673 it was taken by Louis XIV. In 1748 it surrendered to Marshal Saxe, and in 1794 to K16ber. During the French occupation under the republic and the empire it became the capital of the department of Meuse-Inferieure. MAFFEI, Francesco Scipione, marquis, an Italian author, born in Verona, June 1, 1675, died there, Feb. 11, 1755. He was educated at Parma, and in 1698 entered the academy of the Arcadians at Rome. He was in the Bavarian service du- ring the war of the Spanish succession, and be- came field marshal. His treatise Delia scienza cMamata cavalleresca, in which he denounced duelling, was published at Rome in 1710, and in the same year he was one of the founders of the Giornale del letterati. His Trattato dei teatri antichi e moderni and his tragedy Merope (1713) aided in the reformation of the Italian stage. His Verona illustrata (l731-'2 ; new ed., 8 vols., l792-'3) was suggested by the discovery of manuscripts in the cathedral of Verona; and his G-allim Antiquitates (Paris, 1733) was the result of extensive travels. He published three treatises against the belief in magic, and had a controversy with the Jansenists, who procured his exile when 70 years of age, which however was brief. His collected works were published at Venice (21 vols., 1790). MAFFITT, John Newland, an American clergy- man, born in Dublin, Ireland, Dec. 28, 1794, died in Mobile, Ala., May 28, 1850. He be- came a preacher in the Wesleyan connection in Ireland, and early gave promise of those re- markable powers as an orator that character- ized him in after life. He came to the United States in 1819, and was admitted into the New England Methodist Episcopal conference. He spent 12 years as pastor of several prominent churches, published "Pulpit Sketches" (Bos- ton, 1828), and in 1831 removed to New York, whence he travelled, preaching and lecturing at his own discretion. In 1833, with the Rev. L. Garrett, he founded in Nashville, Tenn., the " Western Methodist," a weekly journal, after- ward continued under various names. He also preached at numerous places in the west and south as a revivalist. Wherever he went im- mense crowds were attracted to his ministry. In 1837 he was elected professor of elocution and belles-lettres in the La Grange college, Ala., which post he held until he was elected chaplain to congress in 1841. In 1845-' 6 he edited "Calvary Token," a literary and reli- gious monthly, established by himself at Au- burn, N. Y., which was chiefly made up of his own contributions. In 1847, by misfortune growing out of a second marriage, he was obliged to leave for the south, and took up his residence in Arkansas, where he labored with some success for two years, at the expiration of which time he went to some of the chief cities of the south. But his popularity de- clined rapidly, and he soon died of heart dis- ease. He left an autobiography and an " Ora- torical Dictionary." MAGADOXO, or Magadishn, an Arabian town, once considered the capital of a kingdom, on the E. coast of Africa, about lat. 2 N., Ion. 45 30' E., subject to the sultan of Muscat; pop. about 4,000. It is a place of considerable trade, being frequented by Arabian and Indian vessels and a few European ships, and by cara- vans bringing grain, ivory, hides, horses, and slaves from the Galla countries to the west of it. Its imports are chiefly sugar, dates, fire- arms, and salt fish. The town is surrounded by a wall, and contains a mosque and about 150 houses of stone, the rest of the buildings being of wood. Magadoxo was a considerable town, strongly fortified, when in 1498 it was bombarded by the Portuguese squadron com- manded by Vasco da Gama. It was subse- quently subject to Portugal. MAGALHAMS (Port. Magalhaes). Domingos Jose Gonealyes de, a Brazilian poet, born in Rio de Janeiro about 1810. After taking his doctor's degree he went to Europe, and was in 1836 at- tach6 of the Brazilian legation at Paris. He returned to Rio in 1838, and became profes- sor of philosophy and member of the chamber of deputies. Subsequently he was minister at Naples and Turin, and from 1859 to 1867 at Vienna. He is at the head of the national school of Brazilian poetry. His Poesias (Rio de Janeiro, 1832) adhere to classical models, but in his metaphysical Mysteries and other subsequent works he imitates the romantic poets of France. He is the first author of Brazilian historical tragedies (Antonio Jose and Olgiato, 1838-'9). His masterpiece is the lyric poem, A Confederacao dos Tamoyos (1857), re- ferring to the foundation of Rio de Janeiro and to the early conflicts of the Portuguese with the Tamoyos and other Indian tribes.