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126 MA NT ner ; or killing unnecessarily one attempting to commit n felony. The third degree is killing in heat of passion, without intent of death, but with a dangerous weapon ; involuntary kill- ing, by procurement or negligence of another, while the person killed is engaged in commit- ting a trespass on property ; suffering an animal known to be mischievous to go abroad without care, or keeping it without care, and thereby causing death ; receiving wilfully or negligent- ly so many persons into a boat or vessel as to cause death; racing while in command of a steamboat carrying passengers, bursting the Imiler, and so killing; killing by a physician while in a state of intoxication. The fourth degree may be said to include all other modes of manslaughter, known as such at common law, and of a milder kind than the preceding. MAST, Richard, an English bishop, born in Southampton in 1776, died in November, 1848. He was educated at Winchester and Trinity college, Oxford, and was chosen fellow of Oriel college in 1798. He became vicar of Great Coggeshall, Essex, in 1810; of St. Botolph's Bishopsgate, London, in 1815; and of East Horsley, Surrey, in 1818. In 1820 he was made bishop of Killaloe and Kilf enora, Ireland ; was translated to Down and Connor in 1823 ; and received in addition Dromore in 1842. His most important works are: "An Appeal to the Gospel, or an Inquiry into the Justice of the Charge that the Gospel is not preached by the National Clergy" (Bampton lectures for 1812; 6th ed., 1816); " Sermons " (3 vols., 1813- '16); in conjunction with Dr. D'Oyly, an edi- tion of the Bible, with notes for family use (republished in New York, under the supervi- sion of Bishop Hobart, 1818-'20); "Book of Common Prayer, with Notes" (1820 ; 5th ed., 1840) ; " Happiness of the Blessed consid- ered " (1833) ; " History of the Church of Ire- land" (2 vols., 1839-'41) ; and Hora Liturgicw (1846). He also published volumes of poems. flIAT(INK)RIA, or Mantrhuria, the land of the Mantchoos, a country of Asia, a dependency of the Chinese empire, bounded N. by the Amoor river, which separates it from the Russian province of the Amoor, E. by the Usuri river, which separates it from the Rus- sian district of the Amoor, S. by Corea and the Yellow sea, and TV. by Mongolia, between lat. 40 and 53 30' N., and Ion. 118 and 135 E. ; area about 400,000 sq. m. ; pop. estimated at 8,000,000. Formerly the territory extended to lat. 68 N. and Ion. 142 E. ; but in 1858 China ceded to Russia all of Mantchooria N. of the Amoor and E. of the Usnri river. (See AMOOB COUNTRY.) A large part of this coun- try is an uninhabited wilderness, and but lit- tle of it has been visited by Europeans. Near- ly the whole of it is drained by the Amoor iivr and its branches. There are few lakes; tin- ni'.-t important of them is Lake Khan- ka, wliidi is 40 in. long and 25 m. broad. The province is traversed by several moun- tain chains. The Sih-hih-tih mountains ex- MANTCHOORIA tend from the boundary of Corea in a N. E. direction. The S. W. portion of this range bears the Mantchoo name of Shan Alin, and the Chinese name of Shangpe-shan or Long White mountains. The Ilykhoori Alin, in the north, forms three sides of the extensive valley of the upper Nonni, its eastern branch ex- tending between the Amoor and the Songari to near their junction. The Khingan moun- tains, running N. and S., and rising to a height of 15,000 ft., form part of the W. boundary. The greatest part of Mantchooria is covered by forests, the abode of wild animals, many of which afford valuable furs. Among them are bears, wolves, deer, the argali, and the dziggetai. The rivers and coasts abound in fish, among which carp, sturgeon, salmon, pike, and shell fish are especially plentiful. Among the birds of prey is a vulture which in size and fierceness rivals its congener the condor of the Andes. The southern part of Mantchooria is cultivated, and produces wheat, barley, pulse, millet, buck- wheat, and silk. It also supports large herds of horses, cattle, and sheep. Ginseng and rhubarb are a government monopoly. The country is rich in iron and coal. The climate of the greater part of Mantchooria resembles that of Canada in the contrasts of temperature in different seasons ; in summer varying from 70 to 80, while in winter in the northern parts snow is abundant, the ground is frozen to a considerable depth, and the mercury ranges from 45 above to 10 below zero. Mantchooria is divided into three provinces, Liaotung or Shinking, Girin, and Saghalin-ulu. Liaotung contains a population, according to the Chinese census of 1812, of 2,187,286; the others together about 1,000,000. Liaotung is, however, sometimes included in China proper. The three capital cities are Mukden or Shin- yang, Girin, and Tzitzikhar. Mukden is 380 m. N. E. of Peking, and is a large city sur- rounded by a wall 10 m. in circuit. Hing- king, 60 m. E. of Mukden, is also a consider- able city ; it was formerly the family residence and the family burial place of the Mantchoo emperors of China. Kingchow, on the gulf of Liaotung, S. W. of Mukden, of which it is the port, carries on a considerable trade in cattle, provisions, and drugs. Its harbor is shallow and unsafe. Kaichow, on the E. side of the gulf, has a better harbor. Girin is a very ex- tensive province, but thinly inhabited. The Mantchoos belong to the Tungusic branch of the Mongolian division of mankind. They are of lighter complexion and heavier build than the Chinese, and some of them have florid complexions, blue eyes, aquiline noses, brown hair, and heavy beards. They have the same peculiar conformation of the eyelids as the Chinese, and resemble them closely in other respects ; but their countenances are generally of a higher intellectual cast, and their charac- ter haughtier and more determined. They are the dominant race in the Chinese empire, being dispersed over the whole of it as officers and