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154 MAREOTIS The climate of the north being too severe for him, he returned to Italy and entered the ser- vice of Cardinal d'Este, and later of Cardinal Aldobrandini as chapelmaster. In 1595 he was admitted to the college of precentors of the pontifical chapel. He is considered as one of the greatest composers of the 16th century, and was surnamed il piu dolce cigno, "the sweet swan," and " the divine composer." He gave himself almost wholly to the composition of madrigals for four, five, and six voices ; but in these, of which he wrote a great number, he displayed an invention, grace, and skill that won for him universal admiration. M1KEOTIS (Arab. Birket el-Maryoot a lake in Lower Egypt, S. E. of Alexandria, whose southern walls it once washed ; length nearly 40 m., breadth 15 m., depth from 4 to 14 ft. It is separated from the Mediterranean on the west by the narrow neck of land on which Alexan- dria is situated. In former times its connec- tion by canal with the Rosetta branch of the Nile, and with the sea at Port Eunostu, the old harbor of Alexandria, made it available for inland navigation, and its shores were covered with vineyards and gardens. With the decay of Alexandria the canal was neglected, and the lake, ceasing to receive the Nile waters, grad- ually dried up. In 1801 the British, then be- sieging the French in Alexandria, cut the nar- row isthmus separating the lakes of Mareotis and Aboukir, and the sea water flowing in filled the bed of the lake. Mehemet Ali reestablished the isthmus by filling up the channel cut by the British, and restored the canal connecting with the Rosetta branch of the Nile at Fua. MARESCII, J. A., a Russian horn player, born in Bohemia in 1709, died in St. Petersburg in 1794. In 1744 he entered the Russian impe- rial service, where his talent was noticed by Prince Narishkin, under whose direction he set about the improvement of the Russian horns. The instruments of this class then in use were very inferior in construction, giving but one tone. He made 37 of these, giving nil the tones and semi-tones comprised within three octaves. The horn producing the lowest tone was 7 ft. in length, that producing the highest, one foot. He distributed these 37 horns to as many men, and by severe drilling enabled them to execute the most difficult and rapid passages. Each performer waited for the proper instant for him to sound his par- tiMilar note with the necessary degree of force. The first trial of this singular music was made in 1755 in presence of the imperial court at Ismailov, near Moscow. Maresch was munifi- r.-ntly recompensed for the astonishing results which he obtained. M.IRET, Ilenrl Lonls Charles, a French theolo- gian, born at Meyrueis, Lozere, April 20, 1805. He was nnlainrd in 1830, appointed to a charge in Paris in 1*:;-J. :m <l i n 1839 published Essai fir le j>antl,;i*me dans Its societea modernea, which brought him prominently before the public. In 1840 he was appointed professor MAREZOLL of dogmatic theology in the Sorbonne, and honorary canon of Notre Dame. In 1844 he published the result of his lectures at the Sor- bonne under the title of Theodicee chretienne, which was a parallel between the Christian and the rationalistic notion of God. In 1849 he was appointed vicar general of Paris, and in 1853 dean of the faculty of theology. His Phi- losophic et religion (1856) has been translated into several languages. He was in I860 nomi- nated by the government bishop of Vannes, but on account of his Gallican opinions he was not confirmed by the pope; and in 1861 he was consecrated bishop of Sura in partibus infidelium, and appointed by the emperor a member of the imperial chapter of St. Denis. In 1869, before the opening of the Vatican council, he published Du concile general et de lapaix religieuse (2 vols. 8vo), which was trans- lated into German and Italian. This work was assailed by the Univers, as well as by Arch- bishop Manning, to whose arguments Bishop Maret replied in Le pape et les eveques. At the council he voted with the opposition ; but in September, 1871, he wrote to the pope to express his acceptance of the decree of infalli- bility, and his regret for everything which he had written against it. His other principal works are : ISEglise et la societe lalque (1845), and L'Anti-christianisme (1864). When La- cordaire in 1848 founded IS Ere Nouvelle, he placed it under the direction of M. Maret. MARET, Hngnes Bernard. See BASSANO. MAREY, Etienne Jnles, a French physiologist, born in Beaune in 1830. He took his medical degree in Paris in 1860, subsequently lectured on the circulation of the blood, and in 1867 suc- ceeded Flourens as adjunct professor of natural history at the college de France. His princi- pal works are : Tableau sommaire des appareil* et experiences cardiographiques de MM. Chau- veau et Marey (Paris, 1863), and Du mouve- ment dans les fonctions de la vie (1867). His experimental researches on the movements of animals are also of great originality and ex- cellence. His latest book is La machine ani- male : Locomotion terrestre et aerienne (Paris, 1873), of which the English translation (" Ani- mal Mechanism, a Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial Locomotion," New York, 1874) forms vol. xi. of the "International Scientific Series." MAREZOLL, Gostav Ludwig Theodor, a German jurist, born in Gottingen, Feb. 13, 1794, died in Leipsic, Feb. 25, 1873. He was a son of Johann Gottlob Marezoll (1761-1828), an eloquent Prot- estant clergyman, whose writings, especially his Andachtsbuch fur das weibliche Geschlfcht' (2 vols., Leipsic, 1788-'9), had many editions and translations. He studied in Jena and Got- tingen, where he took his degree in 1815 ; and was professor at Giessen from 1817 to 1837, and subsequently at Leipsic till 1864, when he retired. His principal works are: Lehrbnch der Institutionen des romischen Rechts (Leipsic, 1839 ; 9th ed., 1869), and Das gemeine deutsche Criminalrecht (1841 ; 3d ed., 1856).