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158 MARGARET OF VALOIS her to Philip, when about to take his depar- ture from the Netherlands in 1559, as a suit- able person to fill the office of regent of those provinces. Her administration, which lasted eight years, and witnessed the opening scenes in the great revolt of the Netherlands, was mild and beneficent in comparison with those which followed. She left the Nether- lands Dec. 30, 1567, was amply pensioned by Philip, and passed the remainder of her life chiefly in I tidy. Her tastes, including her love for the chase, were masculine; and in person- al appearance "she seemed," in the language of a contemporary historian, "like a man in petticoats," the illusion being heightened by a somewhat hairy chin and upper lip. She died of gout. Alexander Farnese, the great com- mander, was her son. MARGARET OF VALOIS, queen of France, born at St. Germain, May 14, 1553, died in Paris, March 27, 1615. She was the daughter of Henry II. and of Catharine de' Medici, and was famous for beauty, talents, and profli- gacy. The third duke of Guise, Henri de Lorraine, would have married her, although aware of her vices; but she desired a crown, and agreed to become the wife of Sebastian of Portugal, a union which was prevented by the influence of Spain. In August, 1572, she was married to the king of Navarre, after- ward Henry IV. of France. Her mother, just before the massacre of St. Bartholomew, sought her consent to have her marriage with a heretic annulled, but this Margaret refused. There was no attachment between her and her husband, and she hated his religion. A short time after he left Paris in 1576 she was per- mitted to join him in B6arn, where she re- mained five years, tolerating his infidelities, though he would not tolerate her religion. In 1581, on the invitation of her mother, she re- turned to the French court. There the prof- ligacy of her life drew upon her the condem- nation of her brother, Henry III., who com- pelled her to return to her husband, by whom she was received with bitter reproaches. She fled from him, and took up her residence at Agen, whence she made war on him as a here- tic. That place being taken in 1585, she vain- ly sought another asylum, and was seized and imprisoned in the fortress of Usson; but her arts made her mistress of the place, from which she drove the governor, and held it for 2d years. She became queen of France in 1589, on the death of Henry III.; but her hus- band, even after his triumph in 1594, refused to restore her to freedom until she should renounce her rank, to which she would not consent until after the death of his mistress, Gabrielle d'Estrees. They were divorced in 1599, but she did not recover her liberty un- til some years later. She visited the court in 1605, where she did homage to her suc- cessor, Maria de' Medici. The remaining 10 years of her life were passed in Paris or its vicinity. Almost to her last days she led a MARHEINEKE vicious life; but at length she fell into hypo- chondria, and was terrified at the approach of death. She founded the convent of the Petits Augustins in Paris, and instructed the children of the choir in music. Her Memoires (latest ed., Paris, 1860), written by herself, are valuable because of the details they contain of the last days of the line of Valois. MARGARINE, and Margarie Add. When olive oil is cooled down to 32 F. and submitted to pressure, a solid residuum is obtained, which, when more completely separated from the oily portion after melting and slowly cooling to the temperature of 55 or 60 by a second pressing, is the substance formerly called margarine. It dissolves in about 400 times its weight of boil- ing alcohol, and separates in pearly scales as the alcohol cools; whence its name, from Gr. [Mapyapirw, a pearl. It is also obtained from human fat, goose grease, and other fatty sub- stances. When saponified it yields an acid in the form of white pearly scales or fine needles, called margaric acid. This, according to Heintz, is a compound of stearic and palmitic acids, into which it may be separated. The term margaric acid is now restricted to an artificially prepared fatty acid having the definite com- position CnH 8 4Oa. This acid is produced by the action of potash on cyanide of cetyle (mar- garonitrite). The margarine or margaric acid described by Chevreul in 1820 has been shown to be a compound of stearic acid and other fatty acids of lower melting point. MARGARITA, Island of. See NUEVA SPARTA. MARGARITONE D'AREZZO, an Italian artist, born in Arezzo about 1236 (according to Wor- num; about 1215 according to others), died there at the age of 77. He attained great celeb- rity in Italy before the time of Cimabue. He executed many works in fresco and distemper in the churches and convents of Arezzo, in the Byzantine style, of which few remains are now to be seen. His " San Francesco," however, which Vasari calls one of his masterpieces, still exists, and bears his inscription. He was more celebrated as a sculptor than as a painter, and one of his chief works, a reclining statue of Pope Gregory X., is still preserved at Arezzo. MARGATE, a seaport town of Kent, England, on the isle of Thanet, 15 m. N. E. of Canter- bury, and 63 m. E. by S. of London; pop. in 1871, 12,054. The great source of prosperity is the visitors in summer, who occasionally number, it is said, 100,000. MARGAY. See OCELOT. MARGRAVE. See MARQUIS. MARHEINERE, Philipp Ronrad, a German theologian, born in Hildesheim, May 1, 1780, died in Berlin, May 31, 1846. He was educated at Gottingen, and in 1806 became professor extraordinary of theology at Erlangen; in 1809 ordinary professor at Heidelberg; and in 1811 ordinary professor at Berlin, and pastor of the church of the Trinity. The first edition of his G-rundlehren der chrisilichen Dogmatik, which was founded on the philosophy of Schel-