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160 MARIA DE' MEDICI MARIA THERESA to reappoint Costa-Cabral ; and she insisted up. in retaining his services despite his resigna- tion in consequence of the adverse vote in the cortes in February, 1851, and consented to dis- pense with them only after Saldanha had set on foot a revolution for his rival's overthrow. Saldanha remained prime minister until after the queen's death. MARIA DE' MEDICI, queen of France, daugh- ter of Francis I., grand duke of Tuscany, and of the archduchess Johanna of Austria, born in Florence, April 26, 1573, died in Cologne, July 3, 1642. She was educated in utter seclusion, and knew nothing beyond the circle of the Florentine court, when, in 1599, her hand was asked for Henry IV. of France of her uncle, Ferdinand I., grand duke of Tuscany. Her marriage with Henry had been contemplated seven years before ; though but for the inter- position of Philip II. of Spain she would have married the duke of Parma. She was married in 1600, and in L601 gave birth to the first dauphin who had been born since 1543, and who became Louis XIII. Maria had great cause to complain of the infidelities of her hus- band, and her domestic life was full of bick- erings. Henry often threatened to send her back to Italy, with her favorites the Concinis, by whom she was ruled. Her coronation did not take place till May 13, 1610, the day be- fore her husband was assassinated. By the aid of the duke of Epernon, colonel-general of the French guard, she became regent. She got rid of the prime minister Sully, and soon her government became one of the worst ever knowli in France. The Concinis were put to death in 1617, and she was herself exiled to Blois, her son being the chief of her ene- mies. She was freed from prison by Eper- non, and a reconciliation was effected be- tween her and Louis, chiefly through the aid of Richelieu, and by the same assistance Maria maintained her ascendancy at court for some jtHn. Becoming jealous of Richelieu, she sought to overthrow his power, but was de- feat ! and imprisoned in 1631. Escaping to the Netherlands, she remained there till 1638, and was concerned in many intrigues against the government of Richelieu. She then went to England, where her daughter Henrietta Maria was queen. Charles I. unsuccessfully endeav- ored to prevail upon the French government to allow her to return to France; and she became so unpopular in England that the long parlia- ment requested her to leave the kingdom. She departed in August, 1641, parliament giving her 8,000, and promising her 6,000 more. She went to Antwerp, and took up her residence in the house of Rubens, whose patron she had >een. After residing there for some weeks, she was ordered to leave Antwerp, and to pro- ceed to Cologne, where she arrived Oct. 12 Here she finally died in comparative destitu- tion, in a squalid chamber. MARIA LOI'ISA, si-rond wife of Napoleon I See BONAPARTE, vol. iii., p. 47. MARIMA, Juan, a Spanish historian, born in Talavera in 1536, died in Toledo, Feb. 6, 1623. He was educated at the university of Alcala, and when 17 years of age joined the society of Jesus. In 1561 he was appointed professor of theology in the Jesuit college at Rome. He afterward lectured on divinity in Sicily and Paris, and finally retired to the Jesuit house in Toledo. Having been employed to examine the polyglot Bible, edited by Arias Montanus at Antwerp in 1569-'72, which had been de- nounced to the inquisition, he returned a fa- vorable opinion of it, which brought upon him the displeasure of his superiors. His arrange- ment of the Index Expurgatorius of 1584, and still more his work De Rege et Regis Institu- tione (Toledo, 1599), in which he intimates that unrighteous kings and usurpers may be put to death, were also displeasing. In Paris, where Henry III. had been assassinated a few years before, the latter work was condemned to be burned by the common hangman. It aroused a violent controversy, and brought great popu- lar odium upon the order to which Mariana belonged. In 1609 he published at Cologne " Seven Theological and Historical Treatises," two of which, " On Mortality and Immortal- ity " and De Alteratione Monetce (denouncing the falsification of the coinage by the king of Spain's ministers), were censured by the inqui- sition, and the author was subjected to impris- onment and penance. To the "History of Spain " he devoted the last 30 or 40 years of his life. It was published in Latin (1592-1609) and Spanish (1601 ; enlarged ed., 1623), and extends from the supposed peopling of Spain by Tubal, son of Japheth, to the accession of Charles V., with a summary of later events, down to 1621. The best edition is the 14th (2 vols. fol., Madrid, 1780). There is an Eng- lish translation by Steevens (London, 1699). Among his other works are Scholia Brema in Vetus et Novum Testamentum (Madrid, 1619), and Discursus de Erroribus qui in Forma Gu- bernationis Societatis Jesu occurrunt, published after his death and of disputed authenticity (Bordeaux, 1625). MAR1ANNA, a city of Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, between the rivers Caruco and Seminario, 170 m. N. by W. of Rio de Janeiro ; pop. about 7,000. It is situated at an elevation of 3,000 ft. above the sea, between two mountains, that to the east, Itacolumi, being nearly 6,000 ft. high. There are two large squares, seven fountains, and a bridge of a single arch crossing a torrent which runs through the centre of the town. There are eight churches, including a cathedral, a hospital, court house, and prison. Outside the town are an episcopal palace and a seminary. The climate is temper- ate and salubrious. Mining and agriculture are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. MARIAME ISLES. See LADROXES. MARIA THERESA, a German empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, born in Vien- na, May 13, 1717, died there, Nov. 29, 1780.