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MARIGNANO MARIGOLD kings of the shepherd dynasty, and at Thebes and elsewhere of monuments and inscriptions which explain the genealogy and chronology of different dynasties. In I860 he discovered at Thebes the mummy of Queen Aah-hotep, of the 18th dynasty, and her jewels, consisting of a long gold chain, a diadem with two golden sphinxes, a breastplate of open work, a richly chased dagger, bracelets, earrings, and other or- naments, all of exquisite workmanship. These were shown in the Paris exhibition of 1867, and are now spoken of as u the pride of the inu.-uni of Boolak." This museum is tem- porarily located, and is to be removed to Cairo. In April, 1874, Bayard Taylor again visited Mariette, and described his collections, which are arranged in the Boolak museum according to their civil or religious character, those of the earlier dynasties having the most conspicu- ous place. Three statues in the court belong to the age of the shepherd kings. The main vestibule is crowded with relics of the oldest Egyptian art. In the main hall are wooden statues belonging to the 4th dynasty, two painted limestone statues belonging to the 3d, and a granite statue of Cephren, the builder of the second pyramid, found by Mariette in a well in the granite temple discovered in 1866 near the sphinx. Even more interesting is the vast collection of furniture, household articles, implements of trade, glass and earthern ware, &c., revealing the civilization and domestic life of Egypt 4,000 years ago. In this museum is also the trilingual Canopic stone discovered at Tanis in 1866 by Lepsius, Reinisch, and Rosier. Mariette's discoveries thus far have thrown comparatively little light upon the sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt, though they have af- forded grounds for many probable chronologi- cal conjectures ; but the revelations of the ear- liest periods resulting from his researches are of great value. He has published Memoire sur la mire d*Apis (1856) ; Aperpu de VTiwtoire d'figypte (1864) ; Nouvelle table ffAtydos (1865) ; Le Serapeum de Memphis (in 9 parts fol., with 110 plates, 1857-'64); and Fouilles executes en figypte, en Nubie et au Soudan cTapres les ordres du viceroi d'figypte (fol., 1867). The Nouvelle table d'Abydos gives an account of the discovery of a more perfect tablet than the one formerly found in Abydos and preserved in the British museum. This second tablet supplies nearly all the vacancies which occur by mutilation in the first, and fur- ni-lu-i a list of kings of the first six dynasties, lu-.iHy as complete as Manetho's, and corrobo- rating the list of that historian. For the im- portance of Mariette's discoveries, historically and Qhrpnologically considered, see Lenormant and Chevalier, Manuel d*hutoire ancienne de V Orient (3 vols., Paris, 1868-'9; English edi- tion, 2 vols., 1869-70). MARIGA(>, or MarfcnaD. See MELEGNANO. MARIGOLD, the usual name of garden plants of two distinct genera of composite. The old naturalists called them Mary Gowles, a name from the Anglo-Saxon for another plant, which has been transferred to these, probably on ac- count of a similarity in color. The garden or pot marigold, calendula officinalis, a spreading plant about a foot high with succulent oblong, entire, strong-smelling leaves, is still to be found in country gardens ; the heads have nu- merous ray flowers, and these are the only ones that produce seed, which are in long, curved, roughened achenes ; the disk flowers as well as those of the ray are yellow ; the flow- ers have been rendered double in cultivation. The common marigold was once used in cook- ery, imparting a flavor to soups and broths, and thus has long had a place in the kitchen garden. It was formerly, among other uses, employed as a carminative ; and its dried florets were used to adulterate saffron, and by dairy maids to impart a rich color to their cheese and butter. There are lemon-colored varieties, but the usual color is a rich orange yellow. The showy plants known in gardens as the African and French marigolds belong to the genus tagetes, and, notwithstanding their geographical garden names, are natives of South America and Mexico ; they are an- nuals, with mostly pin- nate leaves and heads of yellow, orange, or brownish flowers, with a smooth cup- shaped involucre ; the ray flowers only are pistillate, but in most of the garden forms they are double by the conversion of the disk flowers into ligulate .ones like those of the ray. The so-called African marigold (T. erecta) has large flowers varying from lemon color to orange. It is showy, but a much coarser plant than the French (T. patuld), which has more delicate leaves, and flowers varying from pale yellow to a rich orange brown, often handsomely, striped or bordered with differ- ent shades. The most beautiful and delicate of all is the comparatively recent tagetes signata, with very finely divided foliage of a rich deep bluish green color, and producing a great pro- fusion of small single flowers, with five orange- colored rays which are marked with a darker spot at the base; a dwarf form of this, var, pumila, is a fine plant grown as a single speci- men, and it is useful in masses. The foliage of the species before mentioned has a strong and unpleasant odor, but there is a sweet-scented one, T. lucida, the leaves of which have the odor of anise ; its flower heads are very small and borne in clusters ; it is much less cultivated than formerly, and though a perennial is treat- African Marigold (Tagetes erecta).