Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/187

MARK 175 vulgaris, a mint growing in the south of France. This is sometimes used as an external irritant, especially in veterinary practice, and, like many Marjoram. other volatile oils, will allay toothache when introduced into a carious cavity. Internally it is a stimulant, but has no great value. MARK, Saint, the evangelist, according to the opinion of most theologians, identical with John Mark, mentioned in the Acts (xii. 12, 25). By comparing the passages of the New Testament relating to both Mark and John Mark, we learn the following facts of his life. He was the son of a certain Mary, who pos- sessed a house at Jerusalem which served the Christians as a place of refuge. About the time when James the Elder was executed, he left Jerusalem with Paul and Barnabas, his kinsman (A. D. 42), went to Antioch, and from there to Cyprus and Asia Minor, but sepa- rated from them at Perga, in order to return to Jerusalem. Paul blamed this conduct ; and when later Barnabas proposed to take Mark along on a new missionary tour, Paul objected, and Barnabas and Mark undertook a journey of their own. But we find him again as a friend and fellow laborer of Paul during the first captivity of the latter. It appears that both intended, after the end of the captivity, to visit the Christians of Asia Minor. Mark probably executed this design, for Paul re- quests timothy (2 Tim. iv. 11) to bring Mark to Eome. He was with the apostle Peter, near Babylon (which, according to many in- terpreters, designates Rome), when that apos- tle wrote his first epistle. According to the testimony of the ancient church, Mark was in a particularly intimate relation to the apostle Peter, who employed him as secretary in the same way as Titus was employed by Paul. After the death of Peter, Mark is said to have me to Egypt, and especially to Alexandria, to lave collected congregations there and in the 533 VOL. XL 12 neighborhood, to have been the first bishop of Alexandria, and, finally, to have suffered mar- tyrdom there. He is the patr.on saint of Ven- ice, which city claims to possess his body. His festival is celebrated in the Roman Catholic church on April 25. The Gospel of Mark is distinguished from the three others by being more exclusively historical, and excluding long- er didactic portions, such as 'the sermon on the mount. All the facts recorded in it may be found also in Matthew or Luke, and only 27 verses belong exclusively to Mark ; a cir- cumstance which has given rise to wide differ- ences of opinion concerning the position of Mark in relation to the other two. Augustine advanced the opinion that Matthew wrote first, that Mark wrote an abridgment of the Gospel of Matthew, and that Luke in writing his Gos- pel made use of both Matthew and Mark. This view continued to prevail among exegetical writers until the 18th century, when the ques- tion of priority of composition among the three synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) became the subject of vehement controversy, every possible combination finding its defend- ers. Eichhorn in 1794 advanced the theory that all the three synoptic Gospels of our can- on had made use of a primitive Gospel (Ur- Evangelium), no longer extant. Many Ger- man critics assume a primitive Gospel of Mark ( Ur-Marlcus), of which the Gospel in our canon is a revised and enlarged copy. Among the prominent defenders of this view are Ewald (1849), Scholten (1867), Volkmar (1870), and "Weiss (1872). Others have advanced similar views with regard to Matthew and Luke. Most of these writers agree in regarding the Gospel of Luke as the latest of the synoptic Gospels in their present form ; the most notable exception being Keim, who (in his " Life of Jesus ") main- tains that the Gospel of Mark is the latest of the three. The defenders of the originality of the Gospel of Mark in its present form gener- ally place the time of its compilation between the death of the apostles Peter and Paul and the destruction of Jerusalem. Rome is almost unanimously regarded as the place where it was written. The evangelist undoubtedly used the Greek language ; a note to the Syrian trans- lation, stating that the Gospel was compiled in Latin, received for a time wide currency among Roman Catholic scholars through the support of Baronius, but it has been almost entirely discarded since the time of Richard Simon. Doubts are entertained also by prominent the- ologians of the orthodox school whether the last 12 verses are by Mark, or were added after his death ; in support of the latter view it is adduced that Jerome, Gregory of Nyssa, and other fathers expressly mention that the Gos- pel closed with the words, "For they were afraid " (xvi. 8) ; in favor of the other, that all the Latin and Syrian manuscripts have these verses. For commentaries on Mark, see the collective works on the Gospels mentioned in the article LUKE. Commentaries on Mark