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208 MARTIN of Indian corn, 72,394 of oats, 21,588 of pota- toes, 50,079 Ibs. of tobacco, 89,501 of wool, 120,481 of butter, and 3,241 tons of hay, There were 3,267 horses, 2,357 milch cows, 3,674 other cattle, 17,071 sheep, and 14,976 swine ; 2 distilleries, 6 flour mills, and 7 saw mills. Capital, Dover Hill. IV. A S. county of Minnesota, bordering on Iowa, drained by the head waters of Blue Earth river and of the E. fork of the Des Moines, and containing nu- merous small lakes ; area, 720 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,867. It has a rolling surface and a fer- tile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 99,565 bushels of wheat, 39,149 of Indian corn, 107,042 of oats, 25,094 of potatoes, 114,473 Ibs. of butter, and 11,689 tons of hay. There were 1,114 horses, 3,223 cattle, 749 sheep, and 1,039 swine; 2 flour mills, and 2 saw mills. Capital, Fairmount. MARTIN, the name of five popes, of whom the following are the more important. I. Mar- tin I., Saint, born at Todi in Tuscany about 600, died in the Tauric Chersonese (Crimea), Sept. 16, 655. He was elected July 5, 649, and ener- getically opposed the spread of Monothelitism. He opened the first council of the Lateran, Oct. 6, 649, and had 20 decrees enacted con- demnatory of the new heresy, as well as of a doctrinal edict called "Type," published by the reigning emperor Constans II., which for- bade all controversy on the subject of one or two wills in Christ. He was consequently, by order of the emperor, held captive on the isl- and of Naxos for 15 months (eSS-^), and afterward carried to Constantinople, where he was publicly stripped of his clerical robes, led in chains through the city, and confined in a dungeon till March, 655, when he was sent to the Chersonese and left destitute of all means of subsistence. He is honored as a martyr in the Greek and Latin churches, and his feast is celebrated on 1 Nov. 12. There are 18 encycli- cal letters of this pope in the Bibliotheca Pa- trum and Labbe's Concilia. II. Martin IV. (Si- MON DE BRION), born in Touraine about 1220 died in Perugia, March 28, 1285. By some he is designated as Martin II., but as the gen- erality of writers consider the name Marinus identical with Martinus, the two popes bear- ing the former name are reckoned as Martin L (Marinus I., died 884) and Martin III. (Marinus II., died 946). Simon was a regu- lar canon and treasurer of the church of St. Martin at Tours. Louis IX. appointed him chancellor in 1260; in 1262 he was created by Urban IV. cardinal priest of Santa Ce- ilia; and under Gregory X. he was apostolic legate in France. He was unanimously elected pope at Viterbo, Feb. 22, 1281, after a long Dd stormy conclave. The two powerful ri- val families of Orsini and Annibaldeschi be- stowed on him the title of senator of Rome which Martin transferred to Charles of Anjou, king of Naples and Sicily, by whose influence he had been elected, and whom he encouraged to aspire to the throne of Constantinople. The Greek emperor, Michael Palaeologus, who had been unable or unwilling to effect a reunion of the eastern with the western church, was ex- communicated. Palffiologus joined the party of Pedro III. of Aragon, who also, having come with a fleet and army to take possession of Sicily, was excommunicated, and was deprived of the crown of Aragon, which was given by the pope to Charles of Valois, son of the king of France. A crusade was then preached against Pedro in France and Italy. All these measures turned out disastrously for the pope's policy, while his own persecution of the Ital- ian Ghibellines caused wide dissatisfaction and revolts. During a popular rising in Orvieto in 1285, the violence of the governor obliged Martin to take refuge in Perugia, where he died. He was canonized by the people of Peru- gia, but not by the universal church. Ill, Mar- tin V. (OTTONE COLONXA), born in Rome about 1365, died there, Feb. 20, 1431. He graduated in arts at the university of Perugia, and was sent by Boniface IX. as nuncio to the Italian courts. Innocent VII. created him cardinal and vicar of Rome. Under John XXIII. he was governor of the States of the Church. He was elected pope during the 41st session of the council of Constance (Nov. 11, 1417), and the next day published a bull on the Roman chancery, con- firming the rules established by his predeces- sors, and apparently confirming the abuses com- plained of. A plan of reformation was sub- mitted by the nations represented in the coun- cil. The pope presented a counter plan for debate, and meanwhile negotiated a separate concordat with each of the Transalpine powers. This broke up the council, which was solemnly closed on April 22, 1418. On Feb. 22 he pub- lished a bull condemning the Hussite doctrines, and proclaiming, at the prayer of King John I. of Portugal, a crusade against the Moors. On April 12 he issued a constitution forbidding all appeals from the pope to a general council, except in times of open schism. He departed from Constance May 16, and on his arrival in Milan he published a bull forbidding disturb- ance of Jews under any pretext, so long as they were guilty of no open offence against faith or morality. He remained at Florence from February, 1419, till Sept. 15, 1420, en- tered Rome Sept. 22, and devoted himself to .he restoration of industry and commerce and lie pacification of Italy. In January, 1431, he sent Cardinal Cesarini to preside at the open- ing of the council of Basel ; but he was him- self stricken with apoplexy before the day ap- pointed for that purpose. He was a great satron of learning ; his own palace and those of his cardinals were free schools of science and art for the youth of Italy. MARTIN, Aime. See AIME-MABTIN. MARTIN, Alexander, an American soldier, )orn in New Jersey about 1740, died in Dan- bury, N. 0., in November, 1807. He gradu- ated at the college of New Jersey in 1756, and removed in 1772 to Guilford co., N. C., became