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212 MARTINEAU excited much attention. Her next works were " Forest and Game Law Tales " (1845), and "The Billow and the Rock" (1846). In 1846, in company with her friends Mr. and Mrs. Richard V. Yates, she undertook an ori- ental tour, of which an account appeared in her " Eastern Life, Past and Present " (1848). Her next important publication was a continu- ation of the " History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace, 1816-1846," begun by Mr. Charles Knight, but of which only the first book had appeared (2 vols. 4to, 1849-'50; "Introduction," 1 vol., 1851). In the same year she published her correspondence with Mr. H. G. Atkinson on "The Laws of Man's Nature and Development," which abounds in curious revelations of her own psychological experiences, and manifests a decided leaning toward the principles of Comte. Her philo- sophical views were still more plainly set forth in a condensed version of Comte's " Positive Philosophy " (1854 ; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1871-'2). Among Miss Martineau's other writings are : " Five Years of Youth ;" " How to Observe," a work for travellers, published in " Knight's Se- ries;" "The Maid-of -all- work;" "The House- maid;" "The Lady's Maid;" "The Dressma- ker;" "Household Education;" a "Complete Guide to the Lakes " (1854) ; " The Factory Controversy" (1855); "Local Dues on Ship- ping " (1857) ; " British Rule in India " (1857) ; "England and her Soldiers" (1859); "En- dowed Schools for Ireland" (1859) ; "Health, Husbandry, and Handicraft " (1861) ; " Steps in the Dark" (1864); and "Biographical Sketch- es " (1869). She has been a frequent contribu- tor to periodicals and to the editorial columns of the London "Daily News," and has twice, on conscientious grounds, refused a govern- ment pension. II. James, an English Unitarian clergyman, brother of the preceding, born in Norwich about 1805. He studied at the Uni- tarian college in York, and was settled succes- sively over chapels in Dublin and Liverpool. In 1853 he was called to the chair of moral and mental philosophy in Manchester New college. In 1857 he went with the college to London, and in 1869 became its principal, but retired in 1874. In 1859 he became joint pastor with the Rev. John James Tayler of the principal Unitarian chapel in Little Portland street, of which he was sole minister from 1861 to 1874. He was engaged in a controversy with 13 clergymen of the church of England, in a series of lectures afterward collected and published in tvo volumes, entitled " Unitarianism Con- futed and "Unitarianism Defended." He is the author of "The Rationale of Religious Inquiry" (1836); "Endeavors after the Chris- tian Life " (2 vols., 1843 ; 5th ed., 1873) ; " Mis- oellanies," edited by the Rev. Thomas Starr King (Boston, 1852); "Studies of Christian- ity," edited by the Rev. William R. Alger (Boston, 1858); "Essays, Philosophical and T! H-., logical" (2 vols., 1866-'9) ; "Studies of Christianity " (1873; ; and many articles in the MARTINIQUE "Westminster," "National," and other Eng- lish reviews and journals. MARTINET, Achiile Louis, a French engraver, born in Paris in 1806. He studied under emi- nent artists, and in 1826 won the second, and in 1830 the first grand prize of Rome, where he spent five years. In 1835 he exhibited in Paris his engraving of Rembrandt's famous portrait of himself. He was so felicitous in his subsequent engravings from the works of the great Italian masters, that almost all prom- inent contemporary painters engaged him to engrave their pictures. One of his finest pieces is the engraving of Ary Scheffer's portrait of M. Viardot. Among his latest works are en- gravings of " The Nativity," by Murillo (1869) ; "The Virgin with the Pink," by Raphael (1872) ; and " The Martyrdom of St. Juliette and her Sons," by Heim (1873). MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, Francisco, a Span- ish statesman, born in Granada, March 10, 1789, died Feb. 7, 1862. He became professor of moral philosophy at Granada when only 19 years old. He took an active part in the Span- ish war of independence, was sent to ask arms and munitions of war from the governor of Gibraltar, and went on a similar mission to England, where he studied the institutions of constitutional government. He was imprison- ed on account of his liberal opinions from 1814 till 1820, when the revolution set him at liberty, and he was for a time at the head of the cabi- net. After the subversion of the constitution by French interference (1823), he spent several years in Paris, engaged in literary pursuits. He was made prime minister by Maria Chris- tina in 1834, and promulgated the estatuto real, or new constitution ; but the revolt of the Basque provinces led him to resign. During Espartero's regency he was ambassador in Paris and Rome, subsequently a member of Nar- vaez's cabinet, and from 1847 to 1851 airain ambassador in Paris. After his return to Ma- drid he was twice chosen president of the sen- ate, and in 1858 appointed president of the council of state. He was the author of many dramas, of which the best known is La conju- ration de Venecia; Isabel de Solis, a novel; a collection of Poesias ; and a review of the French revolution, entitled Esp'iritu del siglo (10 vols., 1835-'51). MARTINI, Giambattista, an Italian composer, born in Bologna, April 25, 1706, died there, Aug. 4, 1784. He entered the order of Fran- ciscans, visited Asia, and on his return was ap- pointed chapelmaster to a Franciscan convent in Bologna. He was an industrious composer of church music, and published two musical treatises, an "Essay on Counterpoint" and a " History of Music " (3 vols. 4to, 1757-'81). MARTINIQUE, or Martioico, one of the West India islands belonging to France, in the Wind- ward group, lying between lat. 14 23' and 14 53' N., and Ion. 60 50' and 61 19' W., 30 m. S. E. of Dominica and 20 m. N. of St. Lucia; length 45 m., greatest breadth 15