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MAI MAIMONIDES lost valuable possessions to the armies of Tip- poo Sahib, and were driven from the Moham- medan metropolis by the British in 1803. A few years later two other Mahratta chiefs, Hol- kar and Sindia, who ruled the independent states of Indore and Gwalior, founded some 70 years before, entered into a confederacy with the peishwa and the rajah of Berar against the British. After a protracted war the Mahratta power was finally overthrown (1819), the pe- ishwa became a fugitive, and his authority was abolished. See Grant Duff's " History of the Mahrattas" (3 vols. 8vo, London, 1826), and Owen's " India on the Eve of the British Con- quest " (London, 1872). MAI, Angelo, an Italian scholar, born near Ber- gamo, March 7, 1782, died at Albano, Sept. 8, 1854. He entered the novitiate of the society of Jesus, and in 1813 was named an associate of the Ambrosian college, and soon after one of the sixteen attached to the Ambrosian library at Milan. When the society of Jesus was formal- ly revived by Pope Pius VII. in 1814, Mai, who had never taken the solemn vows of the order, was induced to remain a member of the secu- lar clergy. In 1819 he became chief keeper of the Vatican library at Rome, soon after libra- rian, and in 1825 supernumerary prothonotary apostolic. In 1833 he was appointed secretary of the propaganda, and in 1838 prefect of the congregation of the Index and cardinal. His lit- erary reputation was established by his careful exploration of the Ambrosian library, and by several important discoveries in the then almost unknown department of palimpsests. Among his discoveries in Milan were fragments of the orations of Cicero in defense of Scaurus, Tullius, and Flaccus, and against Clodius (Milan, 1814) ; several orations of Cornelius Fronto, and sev- eral letters of the emperor Marcus Aurelius and of Lucius Verus (Milan, 1815; new ed., Rome, 1846) ; a fragment of eight orations of Q. Aure- lius Symmachus (Milan, 1815 ; new ed., Rome, 1846) ; the complete oration of Isaaus on the inheritance of Cleonymus (Milan, 1815); an oration of Themistius (1816) ; several books of the " Roman Antiquities " of Dionysius of Hali- carnassus (1816) ; an Itinerarium Alexandri, and a work of Julius Valerius, Res Gestce Alex- andri (1817) ; fragments of Eusebius and Philo, and of Eusebius's Chronicorum Canonum Libri duo (1818), which he restored, in conjunction with Dr. Zohrab, from an Armenian manu- script ; and fragments of the Iliad from the oldest known manuscripts (Milan, 1819). He also discovered at Rome the long-sought work of Cicero, De Republica (Rome, 1822). As keeper of the Vatican library, Mai resolved to publish collections of the unpublished sacred as well as profane authors from the Vatican manuscripts, similar to those of Muratori, Ma- billon, and Montfaucon, leaving to future scholars the task of critically editing, com- menting, and translating. On this plan he pre- pared the magnificent Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio e Vaticanis Codicibm edita (10 vols. 4to, Rome, 1825-'38), Auctores Classici e Vaticanis Codicibus editi (10 vols. 8vo, 1828- '38), and the Spicilegium Romanum (10 vols., 183 9-' 44). His last publication, Nova Patrum Bibliotheca (6 vols., 1845-'53), forms an in- dispensable supplement to almost all collective editions of the church fathers. He had also prepared an edition of the celebrated Biblical Codex Vaticanus, but died before the comple- tion of the work, which was published by Ver- cellane (Rome, 1857). MAIDSTONE, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market town of Kent, England, on the Medway, 27 m. W. by S. of Canterbury, and 32 m. S. S. E. of London ; pop. in 1871, 26,196. The principal manufacture is of paper. It consists chiefly of four principal streets, in- tersecting at the market place, well paved, and lighted with gas. It contains a county jail oc- cupying an area of 13 acres, one of the largest parochial churches in England, supposed to be of the 14th century, several other churches, schools, and charitable institutions. All Saints' college, founded in 1846, is kept in the build- ing of the old college of All Saints, suppressed by Edward VI. The navigation of the Med- way has been improved, so that vessels of above 70 tons can reach Maidstone. MAIL, and Mail Coaches. See POST. MAIL, Coat of. See AKMOK. MAILiTH, Janos Nepomnk, count, a Hungarian historian, born in Pesth, Oct. 5, 1786, died Jan. 3, 1855. He was employed in the public ser- vice of Hungary until a disease of the eyes compelled him to relinquish his post; he re- sumed it at a subsequent period, but was final- ly thrown out of office by the revolution of 1848. Poverty induced him to emigrate with his daughter Henrietta to Vienna, and subse- quently to Munich ; and to escape becoming a burden to their friends, father and daughter drowned themselves in the lake of Starnberg. He wrote Oeschichte der Magyar en (5 vols., Vienna, 1828-'31); Der ungarische Reichstag 1830 (Pesth, 1831); Geschichte der Stadt Wien (1832) ; OescMcJite des osterreichischen Kaiser- hauses (5 vols., Hamburg, 1834-'50) ; and other works, including original poems and numer- ous translations from the Hungarian. MA1MACHIN. See KIACHTA. MAOI60FRG, Louis, a French historian, born in Nancy about 1620, died in Paris, Aug. 13, 1686. At the age of 16 he entered the society of Jesus, and in 1682 he was expelled for defend- ing the tenets of the Gallican party ; but Louis XIV. settled a pension on him. At the time of his death he was writing a history of the English reformation. He published Traite his- torique sur les prerogatives de VEglise de Rome (1681 ; new ed., 1831) ; Histoire du Wiclifia* nisme (the Hague, 1682); Histoire du LutJie- rianisme (1686) ; and Histoire du Calmnisme (Paris, 1686). A uniform edition of his his- tories appeared in 1686-7 (14 Vols. 8vo, Paris). MAIMOMDES, Moses (Heb. Ralli Moshel "ben Maimon, commonly abridged into the initial