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382 MENARD MENDELSSOHN for both Greeks and Romans. Of his imitators Terence was the most unscrupulous, his plays being almost entirely translations or aggrega- tions of those of his Hellenic master. The editio princepa of the fragments of Menander is that of Morellius (Paris, 1553) ; the best edi- tion is that of Meineke in his Fragmenta Gomi- corum Gracorum (Berlin, 1841). See Benoit, Essai historique et litteraire sur la comedie de Menandre (Paris, 1854), and Guillaume Guizot, Menandre, etude historique et litteraire (1855). MENARD. I. A W. county of Texas, inter- sected by San Saba river ; area, 870 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 667, of whom 372 were colored. The soil is fertile, and there is fine water pow- er. Silver mines are known to exist. In 1870 there were 17,876 cattle. Capital, Me- nardville. II. A central county of Illinois, bounded N. partly by the Sangamon river, which intersects it ; area, 302 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,735. It has a level surface and pro- ductive soil. The Jacksonville division of the Chicago and Alton railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 81,945 bushels of wheat, 1,973,880 of Indian corn, 235,091 of oats, 41,456 of potatoes, 37,551 Ibs. of wool, 237,575 of butter, and 13,323 tons of hay. There were 6,840 horses, 3,341 milch cows, 10,032 other cattle, 11,113 sheep, and 26,942 swine ; 7 manufactories of carriages, 8 of brick, 6 of furniture, 5 of saddlery and har- ness, 1 of woollen goods, 4 flour mills, and 5 saw mills. Capital, Petersburg. MENARD, Ren$, a French missionary, born in Paris in 1604, died near Lake Superior in Au- gust, 1661. He entered the society of Jesus in 1624, and was the spiritual guide of the Dail- leboust family, prominent in the settlement of Montr3al. Menard himself went thither in 1640. He was soon after sent to the Nipis- sings in Upper Canada ; after laboring among them and other Algonquin tribes till the Iro- quois completely overthrew the Hurons, he was stationed at Three Rivers. When a mis- sion was begun among the Iroquois, he was sent to Cayuga in 1656, and subsequently to Oneida, and labored with success, though at the risk of his life, and often subjected to per- sonal violence. After the breaking up of the Iroquois missions in 1658 and 1660, he was sent to the Ottawas on Lake Superior to begin a mission in the far west. He suffered greatly from the brutality of the Indians, but reached their country and began a mission at St. Te- resa's on Keweenaw bay. In the summer of 1661 he yielded to the appeal of some fugitive Hurons on the Black river, and while toiling to reach them was lost or cut off by Indians. MKUSSKII BEN ISRAEL (properly MANASSEH BEN JOSEPH BEN ISRAEL), a Jewish rabbi, born in Portugal about 1604, died in Middelburg, Zealand, Nov. 20, 1657. His father fled from the inquisition to Holland, and settled at Am- .sterdara, where the son was placed under the tuition of Rabbi Isaac Uziel. At the age of 18 he succeeded his master in the office of preach- er and expounder of the Talmud. He estab- lished a press in his own house, at which he printed three editions of the Bible, and several rabbinical books in the Hebrew and Spanish languages. When he was 35 years of age the family property was confiscated by the inqui- sition, and he resorted to commerce to retrieve his fortune. During the protectorate he was favorably received by Cromwell, before whom he pleaded for the readmission of his coreli- gionists into England, writing for that purpose his "Defence of the Jews" (London, 1656). He was the author of El conciliador del Pen- tateucho (Amsterdam, 1632) ; Spes Israelis, in Latin and Spanish (London, 1650) ; and other works in Hebrew, Portuguese, and Spanish. His " Defence of the Jews " was translated into German by Mendelssohn. His life has been written by the Rev. Thomas Pococke (1709). MENCIUS, Meng-tse, or Mang-tsze. See CHINA, vol. iv., p. 473. MEND^EANS. See CHRISTIANS OF ST. JOHN. MENDANA ISLANDS. See MARQUESAS. MENDELSSOHN, Moses, a German philosopher, born in Dessau, Sept. 6, 1729, died Jan. 4, 1786. His father was a Jewish transcriber of the Pen- tateuch and master of a Hebrew day school. He was early sent to the public Talmud school, where he was taught the Mishnah and Gemara, and at the age of seven was usually called up at 3 or 4 o'clock in the morning to proceed to the severe tasks of the school. Even at that age he manifested a spirit of thorough inquiry, and mastered the Hebrew language, so that he could write it with purity and elegance. He subsequently conceived an enthusiastic love for the "Guide of the Perplexed" (Moreh nebukhim) of Maimonides, and his severe study of it laid the foundation at once of his men- tal culture and of a chronic nervous disease. About 1745 he followed his friend and teacher Rabbi Frankel to Berlin, and he lived there several years in extreme poverty. He be- came intimate with the mathematician Israel Moses, under whom he studied Euclid in a Hebrew translation, and with whom he dis- cussed what he read in Latin and German. Through other friends he obtained elemen- tary instruction in the French and English lan- guages. It had been his custom whenever he purchased a loaf to notch it according to his pecuniary prospects into so many meals, never eating according to his appetite, but to his finances. In 1750 he became acquainted with an opulent Jewish manufacturer named Bern- hard, and was admitted into his family at first as tutor to his children. In 1754 he became his bookkeeper. He now made the acquaintance of Lessing, and the latter pages of the Morgen- stunden record their enduring mutual affec- tion. Their recognized intimacy, and the ac- cession of Nicolai and Abbt to the circle, con- tributed much to overthrow the Judo&ophobia then so prevalent in Germany. In 1755 he published a treatise Ueber die Empfindungen, a profound disquisition on problems of aesthetics.