MAISTRE MAITLAND revolutionary party in France, among which his Considerations snr In, I-'nuiM CJT^'ij had the, .itest circulation. Not withstanding the Ht.ri<-t<-st prohibition, three editions appeared in Paris in one year. Jn 1H10 IK- publi-hed sit. St. Petersburg an Essai sur le principe genera- te u.r <!<* constitutions politiques et des autres in- stitutions liumaines, the object of which was to show that (/od is the immediate source of all authority upon earth, and every attack upon religion is a prelude to the destruction of social
- uid political order. A translation of a work
of Plutarch, Sur let delais de la justice divine dans la punition des coupables, with notes, ap- peared at Lyons in 1816. His most celebra- ted work is Du pape (Lyons, 1819). It treats of the pope from four points of view : 1, in his relation to the Catholic church ; 2, to tem- pora.1 sovereignties; 8, to the civilization and happiness of the nations; 4, to the schismatic churches. It is considered as one of the stand- ard ( latholic works in favor of the infallibil- ity of the pope, which it infers from the neces- sity of an infallible authority in the spiritual order. Infallibility in the spiritual order is de- dared to be synonymous with sovereignty in the temporal order. From the same standpoint he attacked the Gallicans in the work De VEglise gallicane dans son rapport avec le souverain pontife, pour servir de suite a Vouvrage inti- tule : Du pape (Lyons, 1821). Among his other works are the Soirees de St. Petersbourg, ou Entretiens sur le gouvernement temporal de la providence (2 vols., Paris, 1821), in which the justness of war and capital punishment is strongly advocated, and Lettre d'un gentil- homme rime sur V inquisition espagnole (Paris, 1822). In his posthumous Examen de la phi- losophic de Bacon (Paris, 1830) he depreciates the English philosopher, and disparages critical philosophy in general. A very lively discus- sion was called forth by the publication of an- other posthumous work, Memoires politiques et correspondence diplomatique de Joseph de Maistre, avec explications et commentaires his- t or i<i H en, by Albert Blanc (2 vols., Paris, 1858- '60), many passages in which seemed not fully to agree with his other writings. De Maistre's son Ilodolpho published Quatre chapitres ine- dits sur la Russie, par le comte J. de Maistre (Paris, 1859). II. Xavler, count do, a miscella- neous author, brother of the preceding, born in Chambdry in October, 1764, died in St. Pe- tersburg, Juno 12, 1852. In early life he en- tered the military service of Sardinia, but upon the conquest of the country by the French he emigrated to Russia, and supported himself for some time by his pencil. After the arrival of his brother as ambassador in St. Petersburg, he was appointed in 1805 director of the library and museum of the admiralty. He soon after- ward entered the Russian army as lieutenant colonel, and participated in the war against Pel-sin, in which he obtained the rank of major general. He subsequently established himself in St. Petersburg, and devoted the remainder of his life to literary and scientific pursuits. In 1794, being known then as a chemist and as a landscape painter, he published at Turin an ingenious philosophical trifle, entitled Voyage autour de ma chambre, which had great popularity, and of which numerous imitations of various degrees of merit subsequently ap- peared. In 1811 appeared Les lepreux de la vallee d*Aoste (translated into English, Philadel- phia, 1825), a work founded on fact, and not less creditable to the author's literary capacity than to his humanity. It was followed by the Prisonniers du Caucasc, and Prascome, ou la jeune Siberienne (translated into English, Philadelphia, 1826), both containing vivid and truthful pictures of scenery and manners in the eastern and southern provinces of the Rus- sian empire. His popular Voyage was followed by Expedition noctutne autour de ma cham- bre (1825). An edition of his works was pub- lished at Paris in 1822, in 3 vols. 18mo. MAITLAND, East and West, two contiguous towns of New South Wales, Australia, on the Hunter river, 75 m. N. of Sydney ; pop. in 1871, 13,642, of whom about 2,000 belong to East Maitland. The surrounding region is among the most productive of the globe, and is commonly called the granary of New South Wales. Maitland is the seat of a Roman Cath- olic bishop, and there are numerous places of worship of nearly all religious denominations. East Maitland has a court house and a jail ; West Maitland many large stores and some good hotels. Two newspapers are published, one of which, " The Maitland Mercury," is the oldest provincial journal in the colony. There is daily communication by railway to Newcas- tle, and by steamboat thence to Sydney. MAITLAND, Sir Richard, of Lethington, a Scot- tish lawyer and poet, born in 1496, died March 20, 1586. He was educated at St. Andrews and in Paris, became an advocate, held several public offices, among others that of lord privy seal, and was knighted. He was the author of a " History and Chronicle of the House of Seaton," and of several poems, the most im- portant of which is that on " The Creation and Paradyce Lost." A complete edition of his poems was first published by the Maitland club in 1830. He is celebrated as a collector of an- cient Scottish poetry. His collections are yet extant in manuscript in the Pepysian library, Cambridge, and fill two large volumes. He became blind in 1559. MAITLAND, Samnel Roffey, an English clergy- man, born in London in 1792, died at Lambeth palace, London, Jan. 19, 1866. He graduated at Trinity college, Cambridge, studied law, and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple. He afterward studied theology, took orders in 1821, and became perpetual curate of Christ's church, Gloucester. He resigned this charge in 1830, and thereafter turned his special at- tention to literature. In 1838 he was appoint- ed librarian to Dr. ' Howley, archbishop of Canterbury, and keeper of the Lambeth manu-
