Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/508

490 MIANTONOMOH MICA hostile feeling remained against the advancing settlements. Hostilities prevailed for several years, and finally Gen. Harmar was sent against them in 1790. At this time they could put in the field 1,600 warriors. Led by Mishekone- quoh or Little Turtle, they defeated Col. Har- din, Oct. 19, and again at the Maumee on the 21st. The next year the towns of the Weas, who were rapidly becoming civilized, were de- stroyed by Gen. Scott, but the main army un- der Gen. St. Clair was utterly routed by Little Turtle, Nov. 4, 1791, with the loss of 39 officers and 593 men killed. A treaty was made the next year by Rufus Putnam, but the senate refused to confirm it. The Miamis continued the war ; but having been disastrously defeated by Wayne under the guns of an English fort at Maumee rapids, Aug. 20, 1794, they made peace at Greenville in 1795. After that they rapid- ly declined. By a series of treaties between that date and 1809 they ceded lands extending from the W abash to the Ohio state line, and the annuities proved fatal, introducing intoxi- cation, indolence, and violence. When Tecum- seh began his movement the Miamis refused to join it ; but as the war with England went on, the tribe was gradually drawn in, and at last refused to attend the Americans in council. Gen. Harrison sent Lieut. Col. Campbell against them, and though, following their usual tactics, they assailed his line, he finally defeated them. The Miamis then sued for peace, and a treaty was made Sept. 8, 1815. War had broken up the progress they had made, and drunkenness again prevailed, leading to fights in which nearly 500 perished in 18 years. In 1822 they num- bered between 2,000 and 3,000, on three reser- vations, and the Baptists were making an effort to save them. The Wea and Piankeshaw bands, numbering 384, were removed in 1834-'5 to a reservation of 160,000 acres on the south side of Kansas river, and in 1838 the Miamis, then 1,100 in number, sold to government 177,000 acres in Indiana for $335,680, still retaining a large tract. By the treaties of 1838 and 1840 they ceded all, and in 1846 were removed to the Marais des Cygnes in the Fort Leavenworth agency. They had dwindled to a wretched dissipated band of 250; each individual re- ceived an annuity of about $125. Their de- cline continued, the civil war in Kansas ex- posing them to encroachments of every kind. A few Miamis and some of the Weas, under the influence of Baptiste Peoria, reformed and made some progress; but when the remnants were removed to the Quapaw reservation about 1873, they did not number more than 150. MIANTONOMOH, a sachem of the Narragan- setts, nephew of Canonicus, whom he succeed- ed in 1636. He maintained friendly relations with Massachusetts, and in 1637 aided in chas- tising the Pequots. Sequasson, one of his chiefs, having been attacked in 1642 by Uncas, the Mohegan, Miantonomoh with the consent of the governor of Hartford marched against Uncas with nearly 1,000 men, but was defeat- ed and taken prisoner at Norwich. The victor took his captive to Hartford and left his fate in the hands of the commissioners of the Uni- ted Colonies, who advised his execution. He was tomahawked in 1643 on Sachem's plain, the field where he was defeated. A monu- ment was erected on the spot in 1841. MIASMA. See MALARIA. Ml Al US, Andros, a Greek admiral, born in the island of Negropont about 1770, died in Athens, June 23, 1835. His father, Demetrius Vokos, owned a felucca (Turk, miaul), and put his son in charge of it, whence his surname. The latter settled at Hydra, where successful commercial enterprise gave him influence. He joined the Greek revolution in 1821, and in 1822 became commander-in-chief of the national fleet. In the same year he defeated the Turks at Patras (March) and Spezzia (September) ; and in May, 1825, he burned Ibrahim Pasha's squadron at Modon, and inflicted further damage on the enemy's fleet. In 1827, soon after Lord Coch- rane's appointment as head of the navy, he retired from the service; but Capo d'Istria reinstated him and placed him also in charge of the port of Poros. After remonstrating in vain against the neglect of the navy, he joined the in- surrectionary government at Hydra in 1831, and burned the Greek ships at Poros (Aug. 13), to prevent them from being seized by the Russians. He was arraigned for treason by Capo d'Istria, whose death (Oct. 9, 1831) put an end to the proceedings. In the following year Miaulis was placed at the head of all the naval stations in the Archipelago. In 1832 he was a mem- ber of the deputation sent to Munich to offer the throne of Greece to Otho. Shortly before his death he was made vice admiral. His son ATHANASIOS was prime minister of Greece from 1855 to 1862, and his administration contributed largely to the overthrow of King Otho. He died in Paris in May, 1867. MICA (Lat. micare, to sparkle), in mineralogy, the name of a group of the silicates, distin- guished by their remarkable lamellar structure, the elasticity of their laminae, and their half metallic lustre. The minerals crystallize in right rhomboidal prisms of 120, which sepa- rate with the greatest facility in folias parallel with the base of the crystal. These may be subdivided till many thousand plates are re- quired to make the thickness of an inch. They are found usually transparent, elastic, and tough. The colors are various ; the most com- mon are silvery white, grayish green, red, and black. The hardness of the mineral is 2 to 3 ; specific gravity 2'65 to 3'3. The different species are distinguished partly by their differ- ent optical characters as well as by their differ- ences of composition. They present two axes of double refraction, which, in the species de- signated by Dana as muscovite, and commonly known as Muscovy glass, vary in apparent in- clination between 44 and 75; in the phlo- gopites, ' called also rhombic mica and mag- nesia mica in part, from 5 to 20; and in