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494 MICHELET MICHIGAN appeals in favor of democratic ideas and for assaults upon the Jesuits. He embodied these tendencies in three books : Des Jesuites (1843), in collaboration with Quinet ; Du pretre, de la femme et de la famille (1844); and Du peu- ple (1846). The government of Louis Philippe suspended his course. He was restored to his chair after the revolution of 1848, again de- clined public office as he had done in 1830, and gave to his lectures the design and char- acter of democratic propagandism, till his course was closed by the government of Louis Napoleon in March, 1851. He lost his place in the archives after the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, by refusing to take the oath. He pub- lished the Proces des templiers (2 vols., 1841- '52), a collection of unprinted documents, and Origines du droit francais cherchees dans les symboles et formules du droit universel (1837), founded upon Grimm's work on German an- tiquities. After his retirement he published a series of volumes entitled DOiseau (1856), LInsecte (1857), Z' Amour (1858), and La fem- me (1859), remarkable for their poetical and suggestive speculations. The last two were translated into English by J. W. Palmer, M. D. (New York, 1859 and 1860). The Histoire de la revolution francaise (6 vols., 1847-'53), and Les femmes de la revolution (1854), form dis- tinct works. His later works are : La sorciere (1862); La Pologne martyre (1863) ; La Bible de Vhumanite (1864) ; La Montague (1868) ; ' NOB fils, advocating compulsory education (1869); and Histoire du XIX siecle (1872). His more important publications have all ap- peared in English. His second wife, ATHA- NAitsE MIOHELET, who survives him, had been a teacher in St. Petersburg. She opened a cor- respondence with him arising from her ardent admiration of his ideas, and they became en- gaged before they had seen each other. She assisted him in his labors, and was preparing a new work, La nature, at the time of his death. MICHELET, Karl Ludwig, a German philoso- pher, born in Berlin, Dec. 4, 1801. He was educated at the university of Berlin, receiving the degree of Ph. D. in 1824. The principles contained in his inaugural dissertation were developed in his System der philosophischen Moral (Berlin, 1828). In 1825 he was ap- pointed professor of philology and philosophy in the French gymnasium, which post he held till 1850 ; and in 1829 he became professor of philosophy also in the university of Berlin. He published Die Ethik des Aristoteles (Berlin, 1827), an edition of the Nicomachean ethics with a Latin commentary (2 vols., 1829-'35), and a memoir entitled Examen critique du livre d*Aristote intitule Metaphysique (Paris, 1836), which was crowned by the academy of moral and political sciences of Paris. From 1832 to 1842 he was engaged as one of the editors of Hegel's works, in illustration of whose system he wrote Geschichte der letzten Systeme der Philosophie in Deutschland von Kant bis Hegel (2 vols., Berlin, 1837-'8) ; EntwicTcelungsgeschichte der neuesten Deutschen Philosophie mit T>esonderer Rucksicht auf den gegenwartigen Kampf Spelling's mit der He- gelschen Schule (1843); and a controversial dissertation, Schilling und Hegel (1839). In 1840 appeared his Anthropologie und Psycho- logie, in which in many respects he diverged from Hegelian principles. His own tendency is most decisively shown in his Vorlesungen uber die Persdnlichkeit Gottes und die Unsterb- licJikeit der Seele, oder die ewige Persdnlich- keit des Geistes (1841), and Die Epiphanie der ewigen Persdnlichkeit des Geistes (1844-'52). He has also published Eine italienische Reise in -Brief en (Berlin, 1856); Die Geschichte der Menschheit in ihrem Entwickelungsgange seit dem Jahre 1775 Us auf die neuesten Zeiten (2 vols., 1859-'60) ; and Naturrecht, oder Rechts- philosophie als die praktische Philosophie (3 vols., 1866). Since 1860 he has edited and largely contributed to Der Gedanke, the organ of the philosophical society of Berlin. MICHELIS, Friedrich, a German theologian, born in Munster, July 27, 1815. He was or- dained as a priest at Munster, became a private tutor, and held various positions till 1864, when he was appointed professor of philos- ophy at the lyceum of Braunsberg. In his writings he attempts to reconcile the teachings of Plato and those of modern science with the doctrines of the church of Rome, and in 1866-'7 he was prominent in the Prussian chamber as an opponent of Bismarck's ecclesiastical policy. But he opposed the influence of the Jesuits and the dogma of papal infallibility in several pamphlets (1869-'70), which led to his excom- munication. His principal work is Die Phi- losophie Plafonds in ihrer innern Beziehung zur geofferibarten Wahrheit (2d part, Minister, 1859-'60); his latest is Der Organumus und die Kirehe (Bern, 1874). He has written much against Darwin's theories. For some time he has been editor of Der Eatholik, an organ especially directed against the Jesuits. MICHIGAN, one of the western states of the American Union, and the 13th admitted under the federal constitution, situated between lat. 41 45' and 48 20' N., and Ion. 82 25' and 90 34' W. It is bounded N. by Lake Superior ; E. by St. Mary's strait or river, Lake Huron, St. Clair river, Lake St. Olair, the Detroit river, and Lake Erie; S. by Ohio and Indiana; and W. and S. W. by Lake Michigan and the Me- nominee and Montreal rivers, with the chain of lakes lying between their head waters. The bounding waters (except Lake Erie) on the north and east separate it from the province of Ontario, Canada; those on the west and southwest from Illinois and Wisconsin. The land area of the state is 56,451 sq. m. It is divided into 77 counties, viz.: Alcona, Alle- gan, Alpena, Antrim, Barry, Bay, Benzie, Ber- rien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Charlevoix. Che- boygan, Chippewa, Clare, Clinton, Crawford,* Delta, Eaton, Emmet, Genesee, Glad win,* Grand Traverse, Gratiot, Hillsdale, Houghton,