Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/548

530 MIKADO MIKLOSICH Spain, and spent his early life with his pa- rents in Brazil, returning with the royal fam- ily to Portugal in 1821. When his elder brother Dom Pedro became emperor of Bra- zil, and his father established a constitutional monarchy in Portugal (1822), Dom Miguel, in- stigated by his mother, and aided by several of the nobility and clergy and by a large part of the troops, formed plots against the new con- stitution. He rebelled in 1823, and in 1824, with his mother, was expelled from the coun- try. He went first to Paris, and then to Vi- enna. His father died on March 10, 1826, and his sister Isabella Maria was for a short time regent of Portugal. Dom Pedro relinquished the throne of Portugal (May 2) to his daugh- ter, Dona Maria (afterward Dona Maria II. da Gloria), then in her seventh year, offering her hand in marriage to her uncle Dom Miguel, who was appointed to the regency July 3, 1827, and took the oath to maintain the constitution (Feb. 26, 1828). Soon afterward he defeated the garrisons of Oporto and >ther places which declared for Dom Pedro, convened new cor- tes, imprisoned or exiled the legislators who were likely to oppose him, and was proclaimed absolute king on June 25. He consolidated his power by the most despotic methods. Those implicated in the Oporto insurrection were mercilessly punished, and the prisons of the country filled with liberals ; an expedition was sent against Madeira and the Azores, whose in- habitants had refused to acknowledge him, and the islands were subdued with the exception of Terceira in the Azores. Dom Miguel's cruel administration soon became odious to the peo- ple. Terceira continued to hold out against him, and the leaders of the constitutional par- ty gathered there, established a regency in the name of Dona Maria, and collected a fleet and army with which Dom Pedro, who had abdi- cated the throne of Brazil (1831), sailed in June, 1832, for Oporto, which he took without bloodshed. In the following year his fleet, commanded by Sir Charles John Napier, de- stroyed that of Dom Miguel, and the army ad- vanced to Lisbon, which declared unanimously for Dona Maria. Dom Miguel was abandoned by most of his followers, and in May, 1834, concluded at Evora a convention by which he agreed to quit Portugal. He went to Genoa and to Rome, and subsequently spent several years in London, where he was noted for de- bauchery. In 1851 he married the German princess Adelheid von Lowenstein-Wertheim- Rosenberg, by whom he had a son (Miguel, 'born in 1853) and four daughters. MIKADO, a term of doubtful etymology, used to designate the emperor of Japan. The word does not occur in the most ancient Japanese books, but is the one, out of many names given to the emperor, which has obtained the greatest currency. The derivation of mikado usually accepted by the Japanese is from TW, honorable, august, and kado, a gate, equivalent to the Turkish title Sublime Porte. Another derivation, given by Satow, is from mika, grand, awful, and to, place. It originally meant the palace of the sovereign, but by a figure of speech especially common in Japanese, it is used for the sovereign himself, just as dairi, the palace, with the suffix sama, is also used. Other terms applied to the emperor are kotei, judge of the world, or ruler over nations ; tenshi, son of heaven ; kinri, the forbidden in- terior; dairi, the inner interior; chotei, hall of audience; and tenno, heaven-king. Tenno is the official designation now used, and all Jap- anese ministers and consuls are accredited as representatives of "his imperial majesty the tenno of Japan." The first mikado, Jimmu Tenno, who is usually regarded as a historical character, began to reign about 660 B. C., since which time 123 emperors have occupied the throne. The mikado claims divine descent from the gods or Tcami who created heaven and earth (or Japan). He has no family name, and no mikado ever takes the name of . any of his predecessors. The reigning mikado (1875) is Mutsuhito, second son of the emperor Ko- mei Tenno and the empress Fujiwara Asako. He was born in 1850, succeeded his father Feb. 3, 1868, and married Haruko, daughter of Ichijo Tadaka, a noble of the second degree of the first rank, born in June, 1850. (See JAPAN, vol. ix., pp. 542-'6.) The " unbroken line of descent through 25 centuries " claimed for the mikado has been made possible and even prob- able by the existence in Japan of the custom prevalent in Asiatic nations of adoption and concubinage. The mikado is allowed 12 niogo or concubines, though the number is rarely filled up. As an additional safeguard against failure of issue, four cadet families of the im- perial blood called the sTiishinwo have long been set apart, from which heirs to the throne might be chosen. The present mikado, aban- doning the habits of seclusion practised by his ancestors, appears in public, and gives audience to members of the diplomatic corps in Japan, to his own officers, and to the foreigners em- ployed in the government service. He dresses, eats, rides, and acts like a European sovereign. The real governing power in Japan, however, resides in the dai jo kuan, or supreme council. MIKLOSICH, Franz von, a Slavic philologist, born at Luttenberg, Styria, Nov. 20, 1813. He studied philosophy and jurisprudence at Gratz, and became a teacher in 1837. He was a member of the Austrian parliament in 1848- '9, and afterward became Slavic professor in the high school of Vienna. In 1862 he was made a life member of the Reichstag. He has published Radices Lingiuz PalcBosloveniccB (Leipsic, 1845); Lexicon Lingua Palceoslove- niccs (Vienna, 1850; 2d ed., 1865); Formen- leJire der altslowenischcn Sprache and Laut- lehre der altsloweniscJien Sprache (1850) ; Ver- gleichende Grammatik der slawischen Spra- chen (1852-'7l) which is his principal work ; Chrestomathia Palceoslovenica (1854 and 1861) ; Die slawischen Elemente im Neugriechischen