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MALAKHOFF MALARIA 53 palace and the custom house are handsome edifices. Among the other notable buildings are four parish churches and two chapels, ele- ven convents, ten nunneries, two foundling, one military, and three general hospitals, a prison, four barracks, the post office, and a superb aqueduct. The places of amusement e the theatre and the plaza de toros or bull g, with a number of concert and dancing ms. . Pipes for the supply of water from e river Torremolinos, 6 m. distant, were laid 1874. The port is one of the finest and st commodious on the Mediterranean, serv- as a refuge for vessels compelled to leave ibraltar during the prevalence of the S. W. winds. A mole to the east upward of 1,200 ft. long, with a lighthouse upon its outer ex- tremity, offers good protection; and the har- bor, which has good anchorage for about 500 ships, is defended by four forts. Among other fortifications is the Gibralfaro, a Moorish cas- tle on the site of a Roman fortress, on a hill manding the city. The principal articles of port are wines and raisins, including muscatel, finest in the world, lejia or lye, and sun .sins. The crop of muscatel grapes yielded 2,700,000 boxes of raisins, the best of which go to England and Russia, and the lower grades to the United States. Sugar is extensively manufactured for export; the total production in 1872 was 21,960,000 Ibs. The export trade in olive oil has greatly increased, mostly with France, Germany, England, and Russia; France and the United States take the most of the lead exported. The total value of the exports to the United States in the year ending Sept. 30, 1873, was $2,814,682 79, raisins, lemons, and lead forming the principal part. The chief imports are linen, woollen, and silk fabrics, hard- ware, machinery, and cutlery. The port move- ments for the year ending June 30, 1873, were 1,028 steamers and 2,749 sailing vessels, with an aggregate of 542,802 tons. The chief man- ufactures are soap, cigars, hats, leather, white lead, and porcelain; and there are iron f oun- deries, saw mills, lime and brick kilns, and silk- weaving establishments. The educational in- stitutions are a seminary, a naval school, two endowed Latin, and a number of primary schools. Malaga (anc. Malaca) was founded by the Phoenicians, and subsequently passed under the dominion of Carthage and of Rome. Its name is variously derived. Humboldt as- cribes it to the Iberians; others connect it with mela'h, supposed to be the Phoenician name for salt fish, for the exportation of which the town was famous. In 714 it was seized without opposition, by the Moors, who held it till 1487, when it was taken by Ferdinand the Catholic after a protracted siege. In 1810 Se- bastiani, the French general, took the city, and exacted a contribution of 12,000,000 reals. It was again taken by the French in 1823. MALAKHOFF, or Malakoff. See CRIMEA. MALAN. I. Cesar Henri Abraham, a Swiss theologian, born in Geneva, July 8, 1787, died there, May 8, 1864. His ancestors, who were noble and Protestant, fled on account of perse- cution from Merindol in southern France to Switzerland in the 17th century. At an early age he became a minister of the state church and a regent in the college of Geneva. After- ward, through the influence of Dr. Mason of New York and Robert Haldane of Scotland, from a Socinian he became a Trinitarian, and received much sympathy from English and Scotch Christians. He often visited England. He published " The Church of Rome " (trans- lated into English, New York, 1844); " Stories for Children" (1852); and "Pictures from Switzerland " (1854). The American tract so- ciety and the publishing department of the Dutch Reformed church have printed many of his tracts. His most important work is his vol- ume of hymns, entitled Chants de Sion (1826; enlarged ed., 1841), of which he composed both the words and the music. II. Solomon Crcsar, an English clergyman, son of the preceding, born in Geneva in 1812. After completing his education at Geneva he went to Oxford, where he graduated. He was appointed classical pro- fessor in Bishop's college, Calcutta, in 1838, but from impaired health returned in a few years to England, and afterward resided some time in Arabia. He became vicar of Broad- windsor, Dorsetshire, in 1845, and prebendary of Sarum in 1871. He is said to be able to use in conversation familiarly upward of 20 languages, and to translate upward of 100. Among other works, he has published "Three Months in the Holy Land" (1843); "A Plain Exposition of the Apostles' Creed" (1847); " A Catalogue of the Eggs of British Birds," and "A Systematic List of British Birds" (1848); "Magdala and Bethany," and "The Coast of Tyre and Sidon" (1857); "On Ritu- alism" (1867); "Life, Labors, &c., of Cassar Malan " (1 869); " Our Lord's Miracles and Par- ables" (1871); and numerous translations. MALARIA (ItaJ. mala aria, bad air), or Marsh Miasm (Gr. fiiaiveiv, to infect), an emanation which produces in mankind intermitting and remitting diseases. This poison is not cog- nizable by the senses, nor can it be detected by chemical tests; it is known only by its effects. The concurrence of vegetable matter suscepti- ble of decay, of moisture either on the surface or a short distance below it, and of a certain elevation of temperature, is necessary for its evolution; of these, long continued heat has the greatest influence in increasing the intensity of the poison. Comparatively harmless in the northern part of the temperate zone, it becomes malignant and deadly in places equally favor- able to its production, just in proportion to the increase in the mean annual temperature. Marshes, whether salt or fresh, and wet mea- dows are especially subject to malaria, particu- larly when drying under a hot sun. Grounds alternately flooded and drained are fertile sources of it, and it is this which renders the cultivation of rice so deleterious. Grounds