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MALAY ARCHIPELAGO MALAYO-POLYNESIAN RACES 55 sena to Rimini, and died in 1317. Throe of his brothers were deformed. Giovanni, one of most repulsive of them, had for wife Fran- cesca da Polenta, daughter of Guido the elder, lord of Ravenna. She became the mistress her brother-in-law Paolo, though he was 30 married, and Giovanni killed his wife and >rother with the same sword (1289). Dante, in Inferno, gives a thrilling narrative of this ragic end of Francesca and Paolo da Rimini, nd the story is a favorite theme of poets and ists. Malatestino was succeeded by his broth- Pandolfo I., instead of by his son Ferrantino, le former being confirmed by the pope on ac- rant of his vigorous opposition to the Ghi- sllines. He was munificent, but disgraced lis reign by the murder of his nephew, the >unt of Ghiazzolo. On the death of Pan- )lfo in 1326, his nephew Ferrantino was in- lied as ruler. He served against the infidels Palestine, but after a conflict with one of is relatives he was expelled from Rimini by le pope in 1335, and died in 1353. Two sons Pandolfo, Malatesta II. (died in 1364) and Galeotto (died in 1385), became joint rulers after the expulsion of Ferrantino. They made 3ace with the pope, and added to their do- linion Fano, Fossombrone, Pesaro, and some other possessions. Galeotto was succeeded by his sons Carlo (died in 1429) and Pan- dolfo III. (died in 1427). The former was lord of Rimini and a part of Romagna, sided with Pope Gregory XII. during the schism, and represented him at the council of Con- stance, after having commanded the Venetians against the emperor Sigismund. Subsequently, while aiding the Florentines to expel the Milan- ese, he was for some time imprisoned at Milan (1427). He was the best soldier and the most renowned ruler of the whole family. Pan- dolfo III., after having conquered Brescia and Bergamo, was driven in 1421 from the latter city by the duke of Milan. The most remark- able among their descendants was Sigismondo Pandolfo (died in 1468), who successively com- manded the Florentine, Neapolitan, Aragonese, Venetian, and Sienese armies, and conquered for Venice a portion of the Morea. He was excommunicated by the pope in 1462 for hav- ing made war upon the Roman see. He was a munificent patron of letters and art, and had laces built and libraries established in Rimini, first wife was a daughter of the marquis of ste, and his second of Francesco Sf orza. The last ruler of Rimini was Pandolfo IV., who in 1503 was robbed of his patrimony by Cesare Borgia. After Borgia's death he returned to Rimini, but was expelled in 1526 by Pope Clement VII., and died in want at Ferrara. MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. See INDIAN ARCHI- PELAGO. MALAYO-POLYNESIAN RACES AND LANGUAGES. le Malayo-Polynesians are the light-complex- ioned, olive-colored, and straight-haired inhab- itants of the islands of the Indian and Pacific is, from the Andamans in the bay of Ben- gal in the west to Easter island on the east, and from Formosa and the Hawaiian islands in the north to New Zealand in the south. They oc- cupy also the Malay peninsula on the Asiatic continent, and partly also the island of Mada- gascar adjacent to the African coast. Ethno- logically and linguistically they form two great divisions, Malayans proper and Polynesians. The former chiefly occupy the western islands, and the latter the groups E. of the Philip- pines and Booro, subdivided into Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia (in the narrower sense). The original inhabitants of all these islands were the Papuans, a dark race, with woolly hair growing in tufts. (See PAPUAN RACES AND LANGUAGES.) The Malayo-Poly- nesians came from the S. E. of Asia, occupied at first only the islands adjacent to it, and gradually extended their territory to the east, either extirpating the previous inhabitants, or driving them into the interior of the islands and taking possession of the coasts. Their relation to the Papuan population of these islands therefore is similar to that of the Ary- ans to the Dravidas of India. Some contend that Polynesia was the earliest home of these races, and that they came originally from the American continent, but the hypothesis seems untenable. Though the Malayo-Polynesian type and culture are purest and quite primi- tive in the eastern groups of islands, yet the character of their fauna and flora is exclusive- ly Asiatic, and the numerous historical tradi- tions current among the people record migra- tions only from the west. These traditions, together with the fact that many of the names of the islands of Polynesia proper are varia- tions of those belonging to the Tonga and Sa- moa groups, point to the latter as the common source of the population of the former. On Tonga and Samoa there are traditions that the paradise and cradle of the Polynesians is the island called Bulotu or Purotu, which is proba- bly Booro, E. of Celebes. From the great simi- larities existing among the languages and cus- toms of the various Polynesian races, it is in- ferred that the migrations from Tonga and Sa- moa do not date back to very remote periods. The circumstance that the traditions leap from Booro at once to Tonga, leaving the whole of Melanesia entirely untouched, renders it prob- able that the Polynesians on their departure from Booro made no large settlements on any of the islands between Papua and the Sa- moan archipelago, and that the few who chose to establish themselves on them accordingly became largely intermixed with Papuan ele- ments. Of a similar impure type are the Mi- cronesian Polynesians. The separation of the Polynesians from the Malayans and their emi- gration from Booro may be fixed at about 1000 B. C., as the literature of the latter was de- veloped before our era, and shows even then a strong mixture of Old Indie or Sanskrit ele- ments, which cannot be found in the speech of the former. The Polynesian languages, there-