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FOREIGN MISSIONS 639 of natives have been formed, especially in New Zealand ; several smaller islands, as Wallis and Futuna, have been wholly gained for the Ro- man Catholic church ; and, under the patron- age of the French, a firm footing has also been obtained in some islands which had been pre- occupied by Protestant missionaries, as Tahiti and the Hawaiian islands. The Roman Catho- lic church has a number of institutions for the training of missionaries. The oldest and most celebrated among them is the propaganda in Rome. (See PROPAGANDA.) Other institutions of this kind are Greek, German, English, Irish, Scotch, Belgian, and South American colleges at Rome, and the Chinese college in Naples, founded in the first half of the 18th century by an Italian missionary in China. All the pupils are natives of China, who, after being ordained as priests, return to their country as missionaries. At Verona is a seminary which educates priests for the missions of central Africa; and in connection with this the "Af- rican Institute" of Alexandria trains native missionaries. The Greek seminary at Palermo educates priests for the United Greeks. The American college at Rome, for the training of missionary priests for the United States, was opened by Pius IX. in 1859. The seminary of foreign missions at Paris is probably the most fruitful nursery of Roman Catholic mission- aries ; it supplies a number of the missionary dioceses in China and Indo-China. The col- lege of Old Hallows, near Dublin, Ireland, is of growing importance. The number of its pupils amounts to about 200. It mostly trains priests for Irish emigrants to Protestant coun- tries; but many of them are called upon to preach to the heathen also, especially those in India. Moreover, most of the religious orders educate a number of their members for foreign missions, and some of them have special houses for this purpose. A number of missionary dioceses in pagan countries are intrusted by the propaganda to the several orders, which engage to send there the necessary number of mission- aries. Those most numerously represented in the foreign mission field are the Jesuits, Fran- ciscans, Dominicans, Lazarists, the Picpus so- ciety, the Marists, Capuchins, and Carmelites. There are also supported in the missions a num- ber of seminaries for the training of a native clergy, of which that at Penang in British Asia is one of the largest. The first general asso- ciation for the support of Catholic missions was formed at Lyons, France, in 1822, under the name of the " Society for the Propagation of the Faith." The society gradually extended over nearly all countries of the globe. Its members pledge themselves to pay one sou a week. Its total receipts in 1873 amounted to 5,629,375 francs. It publishes a bi-monthly periodical, the " Annals of the Propagation of the Faith," of which more than 200,000 copies are issued in French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Flemish, and Po- lish languages. The society contributes to the 562 VOL. XL 41 support of all Roman Catholic missions. An important auxiliary to this society is the " As- sociation of the Holy Childhood of Jesus," a children's missionary society, founded in Paris in 1844, for baptizing and rescuing pagan chil- dren of China, and, if possible, for providing a Christian education for them. Its annual re- ceipts amount to about 1,500,000 francs. The Leoppldine association in Austria, and the Louis association of Bavaria, support almost exclu- sively missions among the German emigrants in North America. The St. Mary's association of Austria was established for the sole support of the Austrian missions in Khartoom. France has special associations for the support of the missions in western Africa, for the foundation of Christian schools in Turkish Asia, and for missions among the Mohammedans. The prin- cipal Roman Catholic missionary fields in pagan countries at present are : China, with a bish- opric in the Portuguese possessions, 22 vicari- ates apostolic, 3 prefectures apostolic, and a native Catholic population estimated at 700,000 ; Anam, said to have 7 vicariates apostolic, 53 European and 205 native priests, with 1,280,- 000 Christians ; and India and Ceylon, which have, besides an archbishop at Goa and 3 bishops for the Portuguese possessions, 20 vic- ars apostolic, and a population of 147,000, of which only a very small portion are English, Irish, French, and Portuguese Catholics, the others being natives. The Roman Catholic population of Africa live mostly in the Por- tuguese, French, English, and Spanish posses- sions. The most important missions among the pagans are carried on in and near the French possessions in Senegambia, in Natal, and in the country of the Gallas in central Africa. In Polynesia there are 7 vicariates apostolic for the native population. New Zealand is re- ported to have 5,000 native Roman Catholics, and the Hawaiian islands still more. The mem- bership of the church among the Indians of North America amounts to several thousands, and is constantly increasing. See Lockman, "Travels of the Jesuits into various parts of the World " (2 vols., London, 1762) ; Lettres edi- fiantes et curieuses (26 vols., Paris, l780-'88) ; W. J. Kip, " Jesuit Missions in North America " (New York, 1846); De Smet, "Oregon Mis- sions" (1847); Hue, " Christianity in China, Tartary, and Thibet " (2 vols., London, 1853) ; J. G. Shea, "History of Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States " (New York, 1855) ; Relations des Jesuites (3 vols., Quebec, 1858); Marshall, "History of Missions " (2 vols., London and New York) ; and Annales de la propagation de la foi since 1822. II. PROTESTANT MISSIONS. The reform- ers were not indifferent to the duty of giving the gospel to the heathen. Luther took frequent opportunity to remind the Christians of the "misery of pagans and Turks," and to exhort to prayers for them, and to the sending of missionaries to them. "While the Protestant church was itself struggling for an existence,,