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FOREIGN MISSIONS 643 foreign mission, commenced in China in 1859. A " Scotch Missionary Society " was organized at Edinburgh in 1796, and sent the first mission- aries among the Tartars near the Black and Cas- pian seas. After the suppression of all the Prot- estant missions in those regions by the Rus- sian government in 1833,the association direct- ed its efforts to western Asia and the West In- dies. More recently the society has confined its labors to Jamaica. The established church of Scotland, at its general assembly of 1796, rejected as a folly a motion to send missiona- ries among the pagans ; but in 1824 a similar motion was entertained and carried. It was not however till 1829 that its first missionary, Dr. Duff, was sent out to Calcutta. In 1843, when a large portion of the ministers and laity left the established church of Scotland, and organized the Free church, all the missionaries joined the latter. The missionary cause greatly gained by this separation, for the established church sent out new missionaries to carry on the work, and both churches henceforth tried to excel each other in zeal. The church of Scotland has four missionaries in India (one at Calcutta, one at Madras, one at Sealkote, and one at Darjeeling), and a mission at Bombay, superintended by a European teacher, and an income of 10,000. The Free church of Scot- land has missions also in India, south Africa, Australia, and Syria, with 45 European and 196 native laborers, 2,163 communicants, 11,086 scholars, and an income of 19,959. It is also engaged in mission work among the Jews, hav- ing one of its important centres at Constanti- nople, with an imposing mission house, em- bracing chapel and school rooms and about 200 scholars. The United Presbyterian church of Scotland has missions in the West Indies, Spain, Old Calabar, south Africa, India, and China, with 54 stations, 138 out stations, 48 European missionaries, 8 medical missionaries, 8 native preachers, 6,927 communicants, 9,183 scholars, and an income of 38,000. The Pres- byterian church of Ireland has 7 missionaries in India, with 138 communicants and 1,199 scholars, and one missionary in China, and an income of 6,371. Among the other societies established by Great Britain and its colonies are : the Glasgow missionary society, in 1796 ; the United Secession church's foreign mission, 1835 ; the Glasgow African mission society, 1837 ; the Edinburgh medical missionary soci- ety, 1841 ; the Reformed Presbyterian church's foreign mission, 1842 ; the Loo Choo naval mis- sion, 1843 ; the Patagonian mission, 1844 ; the Chinese evangelization society, 1850 ; and the Chinese society for furthering the gospel, 1850. One of the most useful societies at work in India is the " Christian Vernacular Education Society," with 3 training institutions, 209 na- tive teachers, and 7,000 children in Christian schools. The society has printed 4,000,000 cop- ies of various publications, in 14 different lan- guages, and has 27 depots for the sale of books with 60 colporteurs at work. There is also a " China Inland Mission," which is hardly an organized body, as it consists only of volun- teers who go forth independently and with no pledge of support from any society. They are from England, mostly uneducated, and are en- deavoring, as their name imports, to carry the gospel to the interior cities of China. There are 31 such laborers, male and female, with 50 native assistants, occupying 30 stations. They adopt the costume of the country, and find their living among the people, but so far their mission is not eminently successful. 2. Amer- ica. In the United States attention was early called to the necessity of missionary efforts among the Indians and negroes. The first gen- eral foreign missionary society was founded under the name of the "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions" in 1810. It owed its origin to a society of students of An- dover theological seminary, among whom was Adoniram Judson, whose object was to inves- tigate the best ways and means of making the gospel known to pagan nations. After the model of the London society, they adopted no denominational basis ; but the society soon became prominently the organ of the .Congre- gationalists and some of the Presbyterian churches. One of the latter, the Reformed (Dutch) church, separated in 1857, and organ- ized a denominational board, which now has three missions (one at Arcot in India, one at Amoy, China, and one at Yokohama, Japan), with 11 stations, 61 out stations, 13 missionaries, 153 other laborers, 1,323 communicants, 1,022 scholars, 3 medical dispensaries, in which 12,- 283 patients were treated in 1873, an income of $55,352, and an expenditure of $68,106. The "New School" branch of the Presbyterian church continued to cooperate with the Amer- ican board till 1870, when, upon the reunion of the two branches of the northern Presby- terian church, most of its churches withdrew and gave their support to the Presbyterian board, taking with them, by an amicable trans- fer, the missions in Syria, Persia, west Africa, and that to the Seneca Indians of New York. The American board now has missions in In- dia, China, Japan, south Africa, Turkey, Aus- tria, Spain, Mexico, the Hawaiian islands, the Micronesian islands, and among the Indians of our own country. Its success in the Hawaiian islands has been most remarkable, the board numbering at one time more than 22,000 mem- bers in its churches. It has 19 missions, 72 stations, 497 out stations, 151 missionaries, 222 churches, 10,604 communicants (not including some 12,000 in the Hawaiian islands), 12 train- ing schools or theological seminaries, 21 board- ing schools for girls, 551 common schools, 20,490 scholars, an income of $469,000, and an expenditure (1873-'4) of $482,000." The American Baptist Missionary Union " was founded in 1814, and like some others does not confine its operations to heathen lands, having missions in Germany, Sweden, France, Spain, Greece, Africa, Burmah, Assam, India, China,