6G6 MISSOURI and is limited in its southern extension by the Missouri river, with the exception of a few- outliers just south of the river. In some counties it is over 100 ft. thick, and where it consists chiefly of sand and bowlders the coun- try is hilly and rolling, with occasional chaly- beate springs. "Where blue clay is more abun- dant, we find a flat country. Missouri contains valuable lead and iron deposits. (See IRON MOUNTAIN, IRON ORES, and LEAD.) A geo- logical survey of Missouri is now (1875) in progress, under the direction of the state ge- ologist, G. 0. Broadhead. The climate is in some respects extreme. The winters are some- times long and severe, the summers often hot; and sudden and frequent changes of tempera- ture occur. The mean annual temperature at St. Louis (lat. 38 37', Ion. 90 16') in 1872 was 55'1, and the total rainfall 31*5 inches. The prevailing wind was southerly, and the annual mean, as shown by the barometer, was 30-017. The mean temperature for the differ- ent months was : January, 28'3 ; February, 32-4; March, 39'1 ; April, 57'5 ; May, 67'4 ; June, 76'9 ; July, 79 ; August, 74'9 ; September, 6 9 -8 ; October, 60'5 ; November, 40-2 ; December, 30-5. The greatest amount of rainfall, 5' 97 inches, was in May. Maize, wheat, oats, and tobacco form the staple pro- ductions. Cotton, hemp, and flax are culti- vated to some extent in the southern counties. The peach, nectarine, apple, and pear are cul- tivated, and the wild grape abounds. Grapes are extensively cultivated in several counties^ and large quantities of wine are annually pro- duced. The prairies form excellent pasture lands, and the bottoms furnish canes and rushes for winter fodder. Sheep farming is also suc- cessfully and extensively pursued, and swine are very numerous, being readily raised in the forests. Elk are occasionally found in the dense forests of the southeast; deer are still met with even in the partially timbered sec- tions; and many fur-bearing animals in the unsettled parts, but too few to be profitable to the hunter. According to the federal census, there were in the state in 1860 92,792 farms with an average of 215 acres, and in 1870 148,328 with an average of 146 acres. In the former year the land in farms comprised 6,246,871 acres of improved and 13,737,939 of unimproved land, and in 1870 9,130,615 acres of improved and 12,576,605 of unimproved, in- cluding 8,965,229 of woodland and 3,611,376 of other unimproved land. In 1870 10,113 farms contained from 3 to 10 acres, 17,431 between 10 and 20, 55,987 between 20 and 50, 38,595 be- tween 50 and 100, 24,898 between 100 and 500, 514 between 500 and 1,000, and 98 over 1,000 acres. The cash value of farms was $81,716,- 576 ; of farming implements and machinery, $4,456,633 ; wages paid during the year, in- cluding value of board, $10,326,794; esti- mated value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock, $73,137,- 933 ; of orchard products, $71,018 ; of produce of market gardens, $61,735 ; of forest products, $39,975; of home manufactures, $505,298; of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter, $4,- 090,818 ; of all live stock, $29,940,238. The productions were 1,093,905 bushels of spring and 13,222,021 of winter wheat, 559,532 of rye, 66,034,075 of Indian corn, 16,578,313 of oats, 269,240 of barley, 36,252 of buckwheat, 43,986 of peas and beans, 4,238,361 of Irish and 241,253 of sweet potatoes, 2,494 of clover, 12,246 of grass, and 10,391 of flax seed, 615,- 611 tons of hay and 2,816 of hemp, 1,246 bales of cotton, 12,320,483 Ibs. of tobacco, 3,649,390 of wool, 14,455,825 of butter, 204,090 of cheese, 19,297 of hops, 16,613 of flax, 116,980 of maple sugar, 1,156,444 of honey, 35,248 of wax, 326,173 gallons of wine, 857,704 of milk sold, 1,730,171 of sorghum and 16,317 of maple molasses. Besides 543,822 horses and 1,269,065 neat cattle not on farms, there were on farms 493,969 horses, 111,502 mules and asses, 398,515 milch cows, 65,825 working oxen, 689,355 other cattle, 1,352,001 sheep, and 2,306,430 swine. Missouri produced in 1870, according to the census, more Indian corn than any other state except Illinois, Iowa, and Ohio, more wine than any other except California, and ranked after Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, Ohio, and Maryland in the yield of tobacco ; it con- tained more mules and asses than any other, and more swine than any other except Illi- nois ; next to Texas and Kentucky the highest number of working oxen, and excepting Texas and Illinois the most cattle. The reported production of cereals in 1873 was: corn, 70,- 846,000 bushels; wheat, 10,927,000; rye, 446,- 000; oats, 15,670,000; and barley, 266,000. The great industrial resources of Missouri, its abundant water power, and the enterprise of its citizens have placed it in the front rank of manufacturing states. According to the cen- sus, of 1870, it ranked next to New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Ohio in the value of products, while besides those states only Connecticut and Illinois surpassed it in the amount of capital invested in manufac- tures. The general condition of the manufac- turing industry in 1870, as compared with that of 1860, is shown in the following statement : 1860. 1870. Number of establishments Steam engines number 8,157 11,871 1,688 " ' horsepower
48,418 888 " t " horse power Hands employed, total " " males above 16.. " " females above 15 " " youth Capital lV,6Si $20034220 6.644 6f,,354 55.904 8,884 5,566 $80 257,244 Wapes . ... $6669,916 $81,055,445 Value of materials. $28,849,941 $115.538,269 " of products $41,782,781 $206,218,429 Not included in the statement for 1870 is the mining industry, the products of which were valued at $3,472,513, including bituminous coal worth $2,011,820; iron ore, $491,496;
