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682 MITTERMAIER MITTOO investigations and discoveries are chiefly con- tained in a large number of papers in the jour- nals of the Berlin academy and in the Annalen of Poggendorff. He also published Lehr- buch der Chemie (Berlin, 1829-'40; 5th ed., 1853 et seq,}. He perfected the instruments for measuring the angles of crystals, and ex- tended his researches to the influence of heat on crystallization. Many instruments of his invention have been adopted in Germany and other countries. He was one of the few for- eign associates of the French institute. His posthumous work Ueber die vullcanischen Er- scheinungen in der Eifel und uber die Meta- morphie der Gesteine durch erhokte Tempera- tur, edited by J. Roth, was published in Berlin in 1865. See Rose's Geddchtnissrede (Berlin, 1864). His brother, KARL GUSTAV (born Nov. 9, 1805, died March 16, 1871), was professor of medicine at the university of Berlin. His principal work is Lehrbuch der Arzneimittel- lehre (3 vols., Berlin, 1847-'61). MITTERMAIER, Karl Joseph Anton, a German jurist, born in Munich, Aug. 5, 1787, died in Heidelberg, Aug. 28, 1867. He studied at Landshut and Heidelberg, was for many years professor in the former university, and in 1819 removed to Bonn. In 1821 he accepted the chair of jurisprudence at Heidelberg, which he retained until his death. He defended trial by jury in Germany, and sustained (theoretically) the codification of the French civil law against the attacks of Hugo, Savigny, and others. His Lehrbuch des deutschen Privatrechts (Lands- hut, 1821) was subsequently merged in his Grundsdtze des gemeinen deutschen Privat- rechts, mit Einschluss des Handel-, Wechsel- und Seerechts (2 vols., Ratisbon, 1837-'8). His first work on criminal law, Handbuch des pein- lichen Prozesses (2 vols., Heidelberg, 1810-'12), was republished, enlarged and modified, under the title of Das deutsche Strafe erf ahren in der Fortbildung durch Gerichtsgebrauch und Par- ticular gesetzgebung (2 vols., 1832), and has passed through many editions. The princi- ples relating to the examination of witnesses in criminal law are expounded in his Theorie des Beweises im peinlichen Prozesse (2 vols., Darmstadt, 1821), in Die Lehre vom Beweise im deutschen Strafprozesse (1834 ; French trans- lation, 1848 ; Spanish, 1851), and in his Anlei- tung zur Vertheidigungslcunst im Criminal- prozesse (translated into Italian by Garba, 1858). His manual of criminal law (Lehrbuch des Criminalprozesses} has passed through nu- merous editions. A comprehensive exposition of the principles upon which civil trials should be conducted' is contained in his Der gemeine deutsche biirgerliche Prozess (1820-'26). His Die Mundlichlceit, das Anklageprincip, die Oeffentlichkeit und das Geschworenengericht (Stuttgart, 1845), brings the investigation and the enactments relating to trial by jury down to the period of its publication ; and his Das englische, schottische und nordamerikanuche Strafverfahren (Erlangen, 1851), treats of the administration of justice in England, Scot- land, and the United States. His subsequent works include Die Gefdngnissverbesserung (1858) ; Der gegenwdrtige Zustand der Gefdng- nissfrage (1860) ; Die Todesstrafe, &c (Heidel- berg, 1862); and Erfahrungen uber die Wirlc- samTceit der Schwurgerichte in Europa und Amerika (1865). Mittermaier was a member of the Baden legislature for nearly 20 years previous to 1841, when his grief at the death of his son caused him to withdraw ; during that time he had been three times president *of the legislature; and having resumed his seat in 1846, he was again president during the session of 1847-'8. In 1848 he was first called upon to preside over the provisional parlia- ment at Frankfort ; and he was a member of the German parliament, where he advocated confederation, but opposed all extreme mea- sures. He frequently visited Italy, and embod- ied the result of his observations in Italie- nische Zustdnde (Heidelberg, 1844). MITTIMUS, in law, the precept which is ad- dressed by competent judicial authority to a sheriff, constable, or other officer, and to a jailer or keeper of a prison, commanding the one to take and deliver, and the other to re- ceive into custody, a person charged with the offence therein described, and safely keep him as therein commanded. The command to keep varies with the nature of the case. A mitti- mus may be issued by an examining magistrate who, having inquired into a charge of crime, has decided that there is probable cause to be- lieve it true ; and then, if the offence is bail- able and sureties be not offered, a mittimus will issue commanding the jailer safely to keep the person charged for want of sureties, or until he be discharged by due course of law. But a mittimus may also issue for confinement in punishment of crime, and then the command will be safely to keep the prisoner for a time specified. A mittimus should be under the hand and seal of the magistrate ; it should plainly specify the offence charged, and con- tain sufficient to show on its face that the magistrate had authority to act in the case; but it need not recite the evidence. MITTOO, a country of central Africa, be- tween the Roah and Rohl rivers, and between lat. 5 and 6 N., bounded 1ST. by the territory of the Dinka and S. by that of the Nyam- nyam. The most northerly group of tribes is that of the Mittoo proper ; the other tribes are the Madi, the Madi-Kaya, Abbakah, and Loobah. Tattooing is practised only among the men. Both sexes wear iron and copper ornaments and trinkets of every sort; they have a great partiality for chains, for fasten- ing objects to their bodies, and their inven- tive skill in armlets and rings for the ankles is remarkable. Thick chains of iron on the neck are signs of fashion and wealth, and the ambitious often wear four at a time. The country is fertile, especially between lat. 5 and 5 30' K, on the upper Roah and Wohko,