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696 MOHAMMED IV. MOHAMMEDANISM heavy losses he was forced to retreat. In the following spring he renewed the attempt, but was again obliged to withdraw. After the death of Scanderbeg, in January, 1467, Albania soon became a Turkish province. During the war with Scanderbeg the sultan was also engaged in hostilities with the Hun- garians and the Venetians. From the latter he conquered Negropont in 1470, after a siege of Chalcis, the capital, in which he lost 40,- 000 men ; and though the governor of the city surrendered on condition of personal safety, he was put to death, as were all the rest of the captives. The Venetians now entered into an alliance against the Turks with Pope Six- tus IV., the kings of Naples and Cyprus, the grand master of Rhodes, and the shah of Per- sia. The fleets of the European allies attacked the coasts of the sultan's dominions and burned Smyrna and other places, while the Persians invaded the eastern districts of Turkey in great force, and defeated Mohammed's eldest son Mustapha in a pitched battle near the Eu- phrates. Mohammed himself, with 300,000 men, encountered the Persians in Armenia, and was at first defeated. In a second bat- tle he was victorious, and the Persians suffer- ed such severe loss that they withdrew from the alliance and concluded a peace with the sultan in 1474. In 1475 Mohammed wrested Kaffa and other Crimean ports from the Gen- oese, and made the khan of the Crim Tartars tributary. But at the siege of Rhodes (1480) he was repulsed by the knights of St. John again and again for three months, suffered im- mense losses, and had to abandon the under- taking. Meanwhile he captured the Ionian islands and the city of Otranto. The latter was recovered in 1481 by the Italian states, aided by Spain, Portugal, and Hungary. The sultan was preparing to renew the attack on Rhodes when he died, not without suspicion of poison, after an illness of three days. Moham- med II. was one of the ablest of the Turkish sultans, and is glorified as the conqueror of two empires, 12 kingdoms, and 200 cities. He is thus described by Richard Knolles in his " His- tory of the Turks" (1610) : "He was of stat- ure low, square set and strong limbed. His complexion was sallow, his countenance stern, and eyes piercing, though a little sunk. His nose was so high and crooked that it almost touched his upper lip." Collections of his letters translated into Latin have been pub- lished at Lyons (1520), Basel (1554), Mar- burg (1604), and Leipsic (1690). OHAJUED IV., a Turkish sultan, born in 1642, died about the close of 1692. In 1648 he succeeded his father Ibrahim I., who had been deposed and strangled by the janizaries. Mo- hammed Kuprili or Kuperli, an Albanian, was made grand' vizier. To him, and to his son who succeeded him, the reign of Mohammed IV. owes all its celebrity. The sultan had neither talent nor energy, and cared little for anything but hunting, in which he spent most of his time, and lavished vast sums. The em- pire at his accession was in the utmost confu- sion, but Kuprili restored order by promptly putting to death the leaders of sedition. Ibra- him, at war with Venice, had conquered the greater part of Candia in 1645, and the war continued after Mohammed's accession. The Venetians defeated the Turkish fleet in the Archipelago in July, 1651, and destroyed a sec- ond fleet, July 6, 1656, and shortly afterward captured the islands of Lemnos and Tenedos, which the Turks regained in the following year. The contest continued with various fortune till 1667, when Ahmed Kuprili, one of the great- est of Turkish generals, who had succeeded his father as grand vizier in 1661, undertook the siege of the city of Candia, which he pros- ecuted with vigor for two years and four months, when the Venetian commander Moro- sini was compelled to capitulate, Sept. 16, 1669, while at the same time peace was concluded between Venice and Turkey. In 1660 war had broken out with Austria, and for some time the Turks had been highly successful in Hun- gary. Germany, France, and Italy combined to check their progress, and Montecuculi, gen- eral of the allies, gained a brilliant and deci- sive victory over them, Aug. 1, 1664, at St. Gothard on the Raab, which, followed by the treaty of Temesvar, put an end to the war. In 1672 the sultan invaded Poland in person, and took Kamenetz; but John Sobieski, then grand marshal of the kingdom, in 1673 gave the Turks a total defeat at Khotin, and in 1676 obtained an honorable peace. An in- surrection of the Hungarians under Tokolyi tempted the sultan in 1682 to make war again upon the emperor ; and in July, 1683, an army of 300,000, commanded by Kara Mustapha, invested Vienna. The emperor fled with his family to Linz. The city was in the last ex- tremity when Sobieski and Charles of Lorraine came to its relief, and on Sept. 12 totally routed the Turks, who suffered immense losses. After this the Turks met with nothing but disaster. Germany, Poland, Russia, and Venice combined against them; and on Aug. 12, 1687, Charles of Lorraine gave them a terrible defeat at Mohacs, which was followed by the loss of Transylvania and other provinces. The Turk- ish army at length mutinied at Belgrade, marched to Constantinople in the latter part of 1687, dethroned the sultan, and raised his brother Solyman III. to the throne. Moham- med was kept in prison till his death. MOHAMMED ALL See MEHEMET ALT. MOHAMMEDANISM, the name commonly given in Christian countries to the religion established by Mohammed. The Mohammedans do not themselves acknowledge the name. They call their religion Islam, which means " full sub- mission to God," and themselves Moslems, or "the people of the Islam." Mohammed desig- nated himself as the restorer of the pure reli- gion revealed by God to Abraham. As the messenger of God he required his pagan coun-