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702 MOIIS MOIGNO tion of his minor works published by Dr. Dol- linger (Gesammelte ScJiriften und Aufsatze, 2 vols., Ratisbon, 1839). In 1825 he published Die Einheit in der Kirche, and in 1826 he was appointed extraordinary professor in Tubin- gen. In 1827 he published Athanasius der Grosse (2 vols., Mentz), and an essay on sacer- dotal celibacy, directed against the liberal Catholic theologians of Baden and Wurtem- berg, followed in 1829 by Fragmente aus und uber Pseudo-Isidor. In 1828-'30 he gave a course of lectures on the comparative theology of the Christian churches, a summary of which was published under the title Symbolilc, oder Darstellung der dogmatischen Gegensdtze der Kaiholiken und Protestanten nach ihren offent- licJien Belcenntnissschriften (2 vols., Mentz, 1832 ; 7th ed., Ratisbon, 1871 ; English trans- lation by Robertson, 2 vols., London, 1843). This is regarded as his greatest work. The Protestant theologians maintained that he had represented ideal Catholicism, and misrepre- sented, at least partly, the doctrinal systems of the reformers. Some of the most distin- guished Protestant divines wrote against him ; especially Baur (Der Gegensatz des Katholi- cismus und Protestantismus, Tubingen, 1833 ; 2d ed., 1836), Marheineke, and Nitzsch. Mohler answered them in his Neue Untersuchungen der Lehrgegensdtze zwiscJien Katholiken und Protestanten (Mentz, 1834). Baur replied again in the new edition of his work, but the continuation of the controversy was forbidden by the government, and Mohler was censured for reviving an obsolete contest. He conse- quently resigned his professorship at Tubingen, and when the Prussian government offered him one either at Bonn, Breslau, or Munster; he chose Bonn, but subsequently declined when the archbishop of Cologne demanded that he should expressly retract his work on " Unity in the Church." In the spring of 1835 he began in the university of Munich a course of lectures on the Epistle to the Romans, follow- ed by others on church history and patrology ; but his lectures were interrupted by sickness in 1836, and he never fully recovered. In 1838 the king of Bavaria appointed him dean of Wurzburg. At the time of his death he was collecting materials for a history of mo- nachism. A large posthumous work on the Christian literature of the first three centuries was edited by Prof. Reithmayr of Munich (Patrologie, vol. i., Ratisbon, 1839). A Cath- olic biography of Mohler, by Reithmayr, is added to the fifth edition of his " Symbolism." The best Protestant biography is that of Prof. Kling of Marburg. MOIIS, Friedrieb, a German mineralogist, born at Gernrode, Anhalt, Jan. 29, 1773, died at Agordo, Venetia, Sept. 29, 1839. He was pro- fessor at Gratz from 1811 to 1817, when, after accompanying his pupil Count Brenner to Eng- land and Scotland, he succeeded Werner as professor of mineralogy at Freiberg, and in 1826 became professor at Vienna. lie origi- nated a new system of classification for min- erals, which in the grouping of species regard- ed only their external characteristics. His principal works are Grundriss der Mineralo- gie (2 vols., Dresden, 1822-'4 ; English trans- lation with additions by Haidinger, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1825), and Anfangsgriinde der Na- turgeschichte des Mineralreichs (Vienna, 1832 ; 2d enlarged ed. by Zippe, 2 vols., 1836-'9). MOIGNO (de Villebean), Francois Napoleon Marie, a French scientific author, born at Gu6m6n6, Morbihan, April 20, 1804. He studied suc- cessively at Pontivy and Ste. Anne d'Auray, entered the society of Jesus in 1822, and de- voted himself especially to the study of physi- cal and mathematical science. He discovered in 1828 a new formula for the equation of tangential planes, and in 1830 followed the exiled Jesuits to Brieg in Valais. There, while completing his course of theology and pursuing Greek and Latin literature, he learned Eng- lish, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portu- guese, Hebrew, and Arabic. In 1836 he was appointed professor of mathematics in the Jesuit school in Paris, where he acquired reputation as a preacher, helped to found sev- eral charitable institutions, and contributed to the press papers on science and theology. In 1840 he published the first two volumes of his work on differential and integral cal- culus, based on the method of Cauchy. He became secretly involved in ruinous engineer- ing speculations, and his superiors, after pay- ing a large sum of money to extricate him from his difficulties, appointed him professor of Biblical. literature in the seminary of Laval. He resisted this appointment, and left the order in 1844. In 1845 he became scientific editor of the fipoque, and made a tour of observation through England, Belgium, Holland, and Ger- many, the result of which appeared in a series of remarkable letters to that journal. He be- came scientific editor of the Presse in 1850, and soon after of the Pays. In 1852 he founded the weekly scientific review Cosmos, of which he remained chief editor till 1863, when he established a separate scientific weekly, Lea Mondes. He was chaplain of the Iyc6e Louis- le-Grand from 1848 to 1851 ; was attached to St. Germain-des-Pres in 1863; and in 1873 was appointed a canon of St. Denis. His works embrace Lemons de calcul differentiel et in- tegral (4 vols., 1840-'61); Repertoire d'op- tique moderns (4 vols., 1847-'50) ; Traite de la telegraphic electrique (1849) ; Le stereoscope^ (1852); Le saccharimetre (1853); Impossililite du nombre infini et de ses consequences, demon- stration du dogme de la creation et de la re- cente apparition des mondes (1863); Resumes oraux du progres scientifique et induatriel (1865-'9) ; Goursde science vulgarisee (1865- 6) ; Lecons de mecanique analytique (1867) ; Les eclairages modernes (1868) ; V Art des projec- tions (1872) ; and translations of three essays severally from Grove's, Hoffmann's, and Tyn- dall's scientific writings.