Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/751

MONAD MONAGHAN 733 In 1869 he abolished all taxes, and his revenue I casino where gaming is carried on. The cli- is now derived entirely from the rent of the | mate is considered very favorable for persons Monaco. afflicted with pulmonary complaints, and it has become a rival of Nice as a watering place. MONAD (Gr. /novas, unity), in philosophy, a word used by the Neo-Platonists of the early ages of Christianity, and especially by Origen, to express an idea of Divinity, and also the union of the Divine Spirit with matter. According to them, the soul was created before all other beings, and, being made divine by the knowl- edge of the monad, became Christ ; a doctrine which, according to some writers, is the basis of Arianism. Long after this the word was used by Leibnitz to designate the primordial ele- ments of all matter. According to him, monads are material points, possessing different degrees of consciousness and intelligence. The monad is simple, without extent, incorruptible, and so constituted that its whole future is contained in its beginning. (See LEIBNITZ.) In the new chemistry the monatomic elements, such as hydrogen, chlorine, and potassium, whose mol- ecules are capable of uniting only with single molecules of other elements, are called monads ; while other elementary molecules, from their capacity to unite with two or three more mole- cules, are called diads, triads, &c. (See ATOMIC THEOEY). A number of infusorial organisms have received the name of monads. Some of these manifestly belong to the animal kingdom, some to the vegetable, while of others it is diffi- cult to say to which kingdom they belong. The first classification was by the Danish naturalist O. F. Mliller, who arranged under the same ge- nus (monas) the mere moving specks that are developed in infusions, whether in vessels al- lowed to stand, or placed between slips of glass under the microscope, and also certain of the most elementary and smaller of the ciliated infu- soria, of which the monas lens is the most abun- dant representative. Ehrenberg in a subse- quent classification placed certain organisms containing cells in their interior among poly- gastric infusoria, and called them monads. More recent observers regard them as belong- ing to the vegetable kingdom, ranking them among the algse. The development of the mo- nas lens from bacteria, and their subsequent transformation into amcebce, and finally into bacteria, is a subject of rare interest, which has been pursued by Haeckel, Pineau, Pouchet, Bas- tian, and others. . (See ANIMALCULES, INFUSORIA, PEOTOPLASM, and SPONTANEOUS GENERATION.) MONADNOCK, Grand, a mountain in Cheshire co., New Hampshire, near the S. W. corner of the state. The base covers an area of 5 m. by 3, and the altitude is 3,186 ft. above .the level of the sea. Several minerals are found on and around the mountain, and it contains talc, mica, and slate, distinctly stratified. From a dis- tance, its summit appears of a rounded form, free from rocks and mural precipices. Many streams of water issue from Grand Monad- nock, and from its top 30 ponds are visible, some of them large enough to contain islands of 8 or 10 acres. MONAGHAN, an inland county of Ireland, in the province of Ulster, bordering on Tyrone, Armagh, Louth, Meath, Cavan, and Ferma- nagh ; area, 498 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 112,785. The surface is in general hilly, except in the S. E., which is level, and forms the northern limit of the great central plain of Ireland. The principal mountains are the Slieve Beagh range, whose highest summit is 1,254 ft. above