MALMSEY MALTA with trees. The former fortifications have nvorted into promenades. The ancient c.i<tK' of M;ilrn<> is used for barracks, and for a and penitentiary. Two churches, the old town hall, and the theatre are among the conspicuous buildings. There are a gymna- sium and schools of technology and naviga- tion. Among the charitable institutions is a richly endowed lunatic asylum. Steamboats, railways, and especially the improvement of the harbor, have greatly promoted the mari- time and commercial importance of Malmo. About 5,000 vessels enter and leave the port annually. The principal export is grain. MALMSEY* See GREECE, WINES OF. M l.oK. Edmond, an Irish Shakespearian scholar, born in Dublin, Oct. 4, 1741, died in London, May 25, 1812. He graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, and was called to the bar in 1767; but having inherited a consider- able fortune, he removed to London, devoting himself to literary pursuits. In 1780 he pub- lished two supplementary volumes to Stee- vens's edition of Shakespeare, and in 1790 his own edition of the great dramatist appeared in 11 vols. 8vo. In 1796 he exposed the Shakes- pearian forgeries of Samuel Ireland. At his death he left a greatly improved edition of his Shakespeare, which was published in 1821, un- der the supervision of James Boswell, in 21 vols. 8vo. He edited " The Prose Works of John Dryden, with a Memoir ;" " The Works of Wil- liam Gerald Hamilton, with a Sketch of his Life ;" " The Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds," and other works. See "Life of Edmond Malone," by Sir James Prior (London, 1860). MALPIGHI, Mareello, an Italian anatomist, born near Bologna in 1628, died in Rome, Nov. 29, 1694. In 1656 he was appointed by Fer- dinand II. of Tuscany professor of medicine at Pisa, where he made the acquaintance of the celebrated mathematician Borelli, who first convinced him of the propriety of applying experimental researches to the elucidation of physical science. Ill health, however, soon compelled his return to Bologna, where he continued to practise as a physician till 1662, when he was called to a professorship at Mes- sina. In 1691 he was invited to Rome by In- XII.. who appointed him his chief physician and chamberlain. His reputation is mainly duo to the fact that he was the first to ?mploy the simple microscope, then recently .vented, in investigating the anatomical struc- e of plants and animals, and particularly jipnn his discovery by this means of the capil- ary circulation of the blood from the arteries e veins. Harvey had already in 1628 de- utrated the circulation of the blood as a le; that is to say, the return of the blood ";' bad passed out from the heart by the
- b * gain to the heart by the veins.
mode in which the blood passed through the substance of the tissues, from the arteries t i- reins, was however still unknown ; and ) doubt it was partly this fact which prevent- ed the ready acceptance of Harvey's doctrine by the anatomists of the time. But in 1G61 Malpighi saw with the microscope the circula- tion of the blood through the capillaries in the frog's lung, and afterward in the mesentery ; thus demonstrating its passage by minute ca- nals from the arteries to the veins, and supply- ing the only deficiency which had existed in Harvey's discovery. His name has been per- petuated in that of several anatomical textures discovered and described by him, viz. : the rete Malpighianum of the epidermis, the Malpi- ghian bodies of the spleen, and the Malpighian tufts of the kidney. His principal works are : Observationes Anatomicce de Pulmonibus (fol., Bologna, 1661); De Viscerum.Structura Exer- citationes Anatomicce (1666; many times re- printed and translated into French) ; Disser- tatio Epistolica de Formatione Pulli in Ovo (London, 1673) ; Dissertatio Epistolica de Bom- lyce (London, 1669) ; De Pulmonum Sulstan- tia et Motu (Leyden, 1672) ; Anatome Planta- rum (London, 1675-'9) ; and Epistola de Glan- dulis Conglolatis (London, 1689). The only complete collective edition of his works was published at Venice in 1743. MALPLAQFET, a village of France, in the de- partment of Le Nord, 10 m. S. by W. of the Belgian town of Mons, celebrated for a battle between the allied forces under Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the French under Marshal Villars, Sept. 11, 1709. The battle commenced at 8 o'clock in the morning, the principal attack of the allies being directed upon the enemy's left, where Villars himself held command. The French at first repelled their assailants, but Villars having become disabled by a wound, the allies succeeded in forcing the position ; and the French, in spite of desperate efforts by the new commander, Bouflers, and the chevalier St. George, son of James II., eventually succumbed, though they effected their retreat in good order. In this battle, the bloodiest in the war of the Span- ish succession, the allies, who brought into the field 80,000 men and 140 guns, lost in killed and wounded more than 20,000 men; the French, who numbered 70,000 men with 80 guns, lost more than half that number; but some accounts place the loss on both sides as high as 42,000. During the battle Marlbor- ough exposed himself to frequent perils, and the report of his death, which was at one time prevalent in the French ranks, gave rise to the once popular military refrain: Mal- firook 8*en t>a fen guerre, which was repro- duced from a song of the 16th century on the death of the duke of Guise. MALT. See BREWING. MALTA (anc. Melita a British possession in the Mediterranean, including the islands of Malta, Gozo, and Comino, and the uninhabit- ed islets of Cominotto and Filfla, the entire group lying between lat. 35 43' and 36 5' ST. and Ion. 14 10' and 14 35' E., about 60 m. S. W. of the southernmost point of Sicily, and
