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758 MONOPOLI MONREALE vii., and viii. An extensive extract from this work is given in Schrockh's Kirchengeschichte, vol. xviii. Writings and fragments of the party leaders are contained in Mai's Scriptorum Vete- rum, Nova Collectio, vol. vii., and Spicilegium Romanum, vol. vii. (See MONOTHELITES.) MONOPOLI, a seaport town of Italy, in the province and 25 m. S. E. of the city of Bari, on the Adriatic ; pop. about 12,000. It is the see of a bishop, and has a cathedral with a fine painting of St. Sebastian by Palma, and a chapel enriched with inlaid marbles of all colors. The town has two harbors, which accommodate large vessels, but one of them is exposed to the N. E. wind, which often blows with great violence in the Adriatic. There are extensive manu- factories of cotton and linen cloths. About 3 m. from the town are ruins of the ancient sea- port Egnatia, which was early the see of a bishop and was destroyed in the 9th century. MONOTHELITES (Gr. fiovoQeTdrat^ from //<Wf, single, and Q&eiv, to will), the name of a sect which maintained that in Christ there was but one will and one voluntary operation, while they admitted the doctrine of two whole and distinct natures after the incarnation. The origin of Monothelitism was due to the effort made by the emperor Heraclius to conciliate the numerous Monophysite churches. (See MONOPHYSITES.) At the suggestion of Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople, a profession of faith was drawn up affirming that in Christ there is " only one mode of willing and work- ing," and this was embodied in 639 in an im- perial edict called Ekthesis. Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria, at the instance of Sergius, made this formula a part of a doctrinal compromise, which was adopted by an assembly of Mono- physite bishops held in that city, and thus led to the reunion of a large number of Mono- physite churches. Sophronius, then a priest of Alexandria, strenuously but vainly opposed the adoption of this formula ; and being soon afterward chosen patriarch of Jerusalem, he denounced the compromise in his inaugural letter to the bishops of Christendom. Sergius thereupon wrote to Pope Honorius I. request- ing him to use his authority with Sophronius, and forbid the use of formulas expressing the existence in Christ of two wills and two voluntary operations. To this request Hono- rius assented. (See HONORIUS.) But after his death (638), the bishops of Rome placed themselves at the head of the opposition, and a new decree of the emperor Constans II., called Typos (648), designed to enforce peace by a prohibition of the controversy, had not the desired effect. The first council of Lateran (649) under Pope Martin I. condemned the Monothelites and the two imperial laws. The pope suffered imprisonment and died in exile for this decree, but some years later (680) the sixth oecumenical council, held at Constanti- nople, recognized in Christ two wills made one by the moral subordination of the human. The Monothelites obtained once more a transient victory under Philippicus Bardanes (711- 1 13), who had been brought up by the patriarch Ma- carius ; but after the elevation of Anastasius II. to the throne, all the Monothelites were forced to submit, and the sect maintained itself only in a corner of Asia, outside of the Byzantine boundaries, until the 12th century, when they united with the Roman Catholic church. (See MARONITES.) A history of the Monothelite heresy was written by Combefis, in his Auctu- arium Patrum, vol. ii. (Paris, 1648). MONOTREMATA (Gr. /zdvof, single, and rp^a, opening), an order of implacental mammals ; the name is derived from the fact that the in- testinal, generative, and urinary organs open into a common cloaca, as in birds and reptiles. The order includes the ornithorhynchus and the porcupine ant-eaters (echidna), from Aus- tralia and Tasmania. They are the lowest mammals, and have many characters of birds and reptiles in their structure and mode of reproduction ; they have no abdominal pouch, but the marsupial bones are present ; at the top of the breast bone is an episternum with lateral arms forming the chief support of the scapular arch, on the top of which the true clavicles, like the furcular bone of birds, are situated ; the coracoid bones extend also to the sternum, and are surmounted by epicoracoid bones ; in the scapular arch, therefore, they resemble in some respects birds, in others liz- ards and enaliosaurians. The eyes are very small, the external ears absent, and the face projects in the form of a naked beak, without teeth or soft movable lips ; the teeth are re- placed by small horny plates ; some authors, as Wagner, have ranked them among edentates. The feet are five-toed, with long nails; the males have a long spur on the hind legs, the groove of which communicates with a glan- dular organ, whose secretion has been erro- neously supposed to be poisonous ; the mam- mary orifices are mere slits in the skin of the abdomen, without elevated nipples, and the female sexual organs resemble those of birds ; the young are born alive, and are suckled as in other mammals ; the csecum is small ; the lungs are spongy and cellular, and enclosed in a thoracic cavity separated from the abdo- men by a diaphragm ; in the brain there is no corpus callosum, and the bigeminal bodies are simple. (See ORNITHORHYNCHUS, and PORCU- PINE ANT-EATER.) MONREALE, a town of Sicily, in the province and 4 m. S. W. of the city of Palermo, on a steep hill called Monte Caputo ; pop. about 16,- 000. It is the seat of an archbishop, and has one of the most imposing cathedrals of Sicily, containing the tombs of several Norman kings of the 12th century. There is a brisk trade in corn, oil, and fruit raised in the vicinity. Monreale grew up around a splendid Benedic- tine abbey and church .(now the cathedral) founded by the Norman king William the Good in 1174, and took its name (Royal Mount) from its royal origin.