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MONSTRELET such as these are perpetuated by seed. Mon- strosity may be due to an absence of formation ; to an arrest of development, an embryonic structure remaining permanent; to an excess of development; and to a union of parts, more or less normal, belonging to different individ- uals. Prof. J. Wyman ("Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History," 1867), in a paper on symmetry and hoinology in limbs, draws attention to the analogy between sym- metry and polarity, illustrating his remarks by figures ; he thus explains both normal and ab- normal development, and the various kinds of double monsters. Though it is impossible to admit the action of slight causes, of momentary continuance, popularly believed to be connected with monstrous or imitative growths, still the artificial production of variously deformed and imperfect chicks by the shaking, or malposition, or unnatural treatment of eggs, shows that ap- preciable external causes may occasionally be satisfactorily traced ; it is now generally con- ceded that prolonged unfavorable circumstan- ces during pregnancy may lead to monstrous growths. See the works quoted by Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire, and the papers of G. J. Fisher, M. D., in the "Transactions of the New York Medical Society " (1865-'8). (See TERATOLOGY.) MONSTRELET, Engnerrand de, a French chron- icler, born in Cambrai about 1390, died July 20, 1453. He filled several offices in Cambrai, being bailiff of the chapter, provost of the city, and bailiff of Wallaincourt. His chronicle is in two books, extends from 1400 to 1444, and comprises an account of the capture of Paris and the conquest of the French monarchy by Henry V., and of the wars which resulted in the expulsion of the English from most parts of France. His style has none of the anima- tion and picturesqueness of Froissart, but it is marked by dignity, simplicity, and accuracy. The latest edition is that of L. Douet-d'Arcq (6 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1857-'62). The best Eng- lish version is by the Rev. Thomas Johnes (13 vols. 8vo, London, 1810). Appended to the earlier editions of Monstrelet are two spurious books continuing the history to 1467. MONTAGU, Basil, an English lawyer, born in London, April 24, 1770, died in Boulogne, Nov. 27, 1851. He was a natural son of John Montagu, fourth earl of Sandwich, and Miss Ray, who was shot in 1779 at Oovent Garden by the 1 Rev. James Hackman, a frantic admirer. Basil graduated at Cambridge, was called to the bar in 1798, and acquired a large practice in cases of bankruptcy. He formed an inti- macy with that literary circle of which Cole- ridge was a leader, and became a convert to the political theories of Godwin. In 1806 Lord Chancellor Erskine made him a com- issioner of bankrupts. Impressed with the vils of the law administered in his ^ court, he 'ublished a yearly detail of its pernicious re- Its, and ultimately induced its amelioration. Under the new law Mr. Montagu was appointed accountant general, in which capacity he com- 570 VOL. xi. 49 MONTAGU 767 pelled the bank of England to pay interest (never previously demanded) on the moneys that had been deposited there by his court. He published 40 volumes, including several against capital punishment, and left, it is said, 100 volumes in manuscript. His principal pro- fessional work is "A Digest of the Bankrupt Laws" (4 vols. 8vo, London, 1805), of which several editions have been published. Of his editorial works the most important is his edition of " The Works of Francis Bacon" (16 vols. 8vo, 1825-'34), the last volume of which contains a "Life of Bacon" by the editor. MONTAGU, Edward Wortley, an English author, born at Wharncliffe, Yorkshire, in October, 1713, died in Padua, May 2, 1776. He was the only son of Edward Wortley and Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. He ran away from school, and went as a cabin boy to Spain, whence he was sent back to England by a British consul. He was next committed to the charge of a private tutor, and sent to travel on the con- tinent. On returning to England he married a woman in very humble life, almost old enough to be his mother, lived with her but a few weeks, and then abandoned her. In 1747 he was returned to parliament for Huntingdon- shire, but soon became so involved in debt that he had to resign. He went to France, and thence to Italy, where he became a convert to the Roman Catholic church ; and from Italy to Egypt, where he turned Mohammedan. He was returning to England when he died. He published "Reflections on the Rise and Fall of the Ancient Republics," the authorship of which was claimed by his tutor, Mr. Foster. His "Autobiography" was published in 1869 (3 vols. 8vo, London). MONTAGU, Elizabeth, an English authoress, born in York, Oct. 2, 1720, died in London, Aug. 25, 1800. She was the daughter of a Mr. Robinson of Horton in Kent. In 1742 she married Edward Montagu, a grandson of the first earl of Sandwich, who died in 1775, leav- ing her a large fortune. She made her house a favorite resort for literary characters, and one of the principal places of meeting of the blue stocking club. For many years she gave annual dinners on May day to the chimney sweeps of London. She was the author of three " Dialogues of the Dead," published with Lord Lyttelton's (1760), and wrote an "Essay on the Genius and Writings of Shakespeare " (1769), in refutation of the criticisms of Vol- taire. Her epistolary correspondence was pub- lished by her nephew, Matthew Montagu (2 vols., 1809). See also her life as illustrated by her correspondence in "A Lady of the Last Century," by Dr. John Doran (London, 1872). MONTAGU, Lady Mary Wortley, an English au- thoress, eldest daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, duke of Kingston, born at Thoresby, Not- tinghamshire, about 1690, died Aug. 21, 1762. She was related through her father to Beau- mont the dramatist, and through her mother . to Fielding the novelist, who was her second