Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/793

I MONTANISTS was acting in Paris, the tragedy' Gamma and a translation of Legouv6's Medee. MONTAMSTS, a sect of the 2d century, so called after Montanus of Phrygia. He is said to have been a priest of Cybele, and to have announced himself about 160 as a prophet, ho was to carry Christianity forward to per- fection. He taught a permanent extraordinary influence of the Paraclete, manifesting itself >y prophetic ecstasies and visions, assigned to doctrines and rites a subordinate significance, and demanded the most rigid asceticism as a manifestation of internal purity. Besides the ordinary fasts, he prescribed annual and weekly ones, and declared second marriages and flight from persecution to be sins. He rep- resented the beginning of the millennium as very near at hand, and Pepuza in Phrygia as the place which would be its centre. His fol- lowers, who were also called Cataphryges and Pepuziani, found a zealous and gifted advocate in Tertullian, and included many prophetesses, among whom Maximilla and Priscilla are espe- cially celebrated. The members of the ruling church were designated by them as psycMi, while they assumed themselves the name pneu- matii. They were opposed especially by the Alexandrian school, and condemned by several irovincial councils. They were numerous in ysia, Lydia, and Phrygia, where some towns, i Pepuza and Thyatira, were exclusively in- habited by them. Thence they spread into other parts of Asia Minor, especially into Cap- padocia, Galatia, and Cilicia. In Constantinople and Carthage also they were very numerous. The literature of the modern Tubingen school represents Montanism as a reaction of Jewish Christianity against Paulinism. See Werns- dorf, De Montanistis (Dantzic, 1751 ; strongly favorable) ; Miinter, Effata et Oracula Monta- nistarum (Copenhagen, 1829) ; Kirchner, De ' ^ontanistis (Jena, 1832) ; Schwegler, Der Mon- tanismm und die christliche Kirche des zweiten Jahrhunderts (Tubingen, 1841); and Baur, Christenthum und die christliche Kirche drei ersten Jahrhunderte (2d ed., 1860). MONTAMS. See MONTANISTS. MONTAMJS, Arias. See AEIAS MONTANUS. MONTARGIS, a town of France, in the de- ent of Loiret, on the left bank of the ing, and at the junction of the canals of Briare, Orleans, and the Loing, connecting the vigation of the Seine and the Loire, 62 m. S. by E. of Paris, and 40 m. E. by K of Orleans ; pop. in 1866, 7,757.' The town is well built on a plain which extends from the river to the neighboring forest of Montargis ; and it has an - -tive trade, chiefly in grain, wax, honey, and icultural products. It has also considerable anufactories of cotton goods, cutlery, paper, The most interesting building is the ruin f the once extensive castle of Montargis, on a ill near the town. This was built by Charles (1364-'80), and was very strongly fortified, ith accommodations for an unusually large ison. The great hall of the castle (55 by MONT BLANC 775 184 ft.) was elaborately decorated. Among its ornaments was a carving of the combat of a dog and an accused murderer, which tradition represents as having taken place at Paris in 1371, in accordance with the custom of the ordeal of battle then in vogue. The dog hav- ing overcome in the combat the alleged mur- derer of his master, the criminal confessed his crime and was executed. From the carving, this story became universally known as that of the u dog of Montargis." MONTAIJBAN (Lat. Mons Albanw), a town of Guienne, France, capital of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, on the river, tarn, 343 m. S. S. W. of Paris ; pop. in 1872, 25,624. It stands on a high plateau, and has wide clean streets and a thrifty appearance. It contains a fine cathedral of the 18th century, and there is a stone bridge over the Garonne which dates from the 14th. There is a lyceum, a normal school, a Protestant faculty of theology, a pub- lic library, and a gallery of paintings which includes many by Ingres, a native of the place. The manufactures are extensive, embracing silks, woollens, porcelain, starch, candles, pens, and pharmaceutical products ; and there is a large trade in leather, grain, and wine, the surrounding country being very productive. Montauban was founded by Alphonse, count of Toulouse, in 1144, and was made the seat of a bishop in 1317. It became a Protestant strong- hold in the 16th century, and its inhabitants were subjected to severe persecution. In 1621 it was besieged by the royal army under De Luynes, which at the end of three months, after numerous assaults, was obliged to with- draw. In 1629 it submitted to the royal au- thority, and its defences were razed. Subse- quently it suffered from the dragonnades. MONTBELIARD, or MonbSIiard (Ger. Mompel- gard), a town of Franche-Comte, France, in the department of Doubs, at the confluence of the Allan and the Lusine, on the Eh6ne and Rhine canal, 43 m. K E. of Besancon ; pop. in 1866, 6,479, most of whom are Lu- therans. It has a chamber of industry and agriculture, a Protestant normal school, a com- munal college, a library jof 9,000 volumes, and other educational and benevolent institu- tions. The principal manufactures are wool- len and linen fabrics and muslins. It was formerly the capital of a county in Burgundy, which after the extinction of the male line of counts in 1395 passed by marriage to the house of Wtirtemberg, though at the same time it was under the suzerainty of France ; and it was wholly ceded to France in 1801. MONT BLANC (Fr., "White mountain," so called from the snow which covers it), the highest of the Alps, and with the exception of Mt. Elburz in the Caucasus the highest mountain in Europe, on the confines of Savoy, France, and Piedmont, Italy, in lat. 45 50' N., Ion. 6 52' E. It extends about 13 m. from K E. to S. W., with a breadth of 5 to 6 m. Its highest elevation, a narrow pinnacle, is 15,732