Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/80

7J MALTITZ gress of Rent " (1815) ; " Principles of Political Economy" (1820); and "Definitions in Polit- ic:.! Kconomy" (1827). His reputation rests almost exclusively upon the views advanced in his work on population. He held that popu- lation, when unchecked, increases in a geomet- itio, while food can be made to increase at furthest only in an arithmetical ratio. Pow- erful checks on population must be constantly in action, which may be resolved into vice, miserv, and moral or prudential restraint. MALTITZ, ApoHonlns von, baron, a German author, born in Konigsberg in 1795, died in Vmiur, March 2, 1870. He was a brother of the poet Franz Friedrich von Maltitz (1794- 1857), and like several of his relatives he was employed in the diplomatic service of Russia, representing that empire at Weimar from 1841 to 1805. He published novels, poe- try, dramas, tragedies, comedies, and an au- tobiography (1863). His best known tragedies ginia (1858), Anna BoUyn (I860), and Spartacus. Another distinguished poet of the same family was GOTTHILF AUGUST vox MAL- TITZ (1794-1837). MALTZAN, Hfinrleh Karl Eekardt Hellmnth, bar- on of Wartenburg and Penzlin, a German trav- eller, born in Dresden, Sept. 6, 1826, died in Pisa, Italy, Feb. 22, 1874. He studied at sev- eral German universities, made explorations in north Africa, Arabia, and other countries, and published Drei Jahre im Nordwesten von Afrika (4 vols., Leipsic, 1863 ; 2d ed., 1868) ; Wallfahrt nach MeTclca (2 vols., 1865); Seise a"/ Ar Intel Sardinien (1869); Sitteribilder aus Tunis und Algerien (1869) ; Reise in den Regentschaften Tunis und Tripolis (3 vols., 1870) ; and Reise nach Sudarabien (Brunswick, 1872). Jle was a high authority in Phoenician and old Egyptian archaeology, and in S. Ara- bian geography, ethnology, and philology. MALI'S, Etlfnne Lonls, a French engineer and physicist, born in Paris, June 23, 1775, died there, Feb. 23, 1812. He belonged to a dis- tinguished family, and his intellectual preco- city manifested itself while he was at school in the composition of an epic poem and of two tragedies. At the same time he was proficient in mathematics, and passed a bril- liant examination as a military engineer. In 1793 he received the rank of sub-lieutenant, 1'iit :IH the school of M6zieres which had con- f.-rn-d it was closed, he enlisted as a volun- teer, and exhibited so much talent while em- itli tin- LM-.-i'li- of sub-lieutenant; and next y,-:ir la- t-nt.-r.-il the army as captain. He dimngoiahed himself at the capture of Malta and of Jaffa, where he narrowly escaped losing btt life by the plague. He was among the earliest members of the Egyptian institute and in 17H9 he was made by Kleber chief of bat- tattoa. Shortly aft.-r his return from the East he married the .laughter of Chancellor Koch, MALVOISINE of the German university of Giessen, whose acquaintance he had made while formerly sta- tioned there. In 1804 he was commissioned by Napoleon to draw up plans for the enlarge- ment of the harbor and fortifications of Ant- werp, and he subsequently superintended the reconstruction of the fort at Kehl, opposite Strasburg. In 1810 he became mayor, mem- ber of the academy, and examiner at the poly- technic school, and next year provisional direc- tor of that institution. His chief publications include a mathematical Traite d'optique, first published in 1810, in which he promulgated some valuable discoveries respecting the refrac- tion of light in transparent media; and the " Theory of Double Refraction " (Memoires presentes d Vinstitut, vol. ii.), containing an account of his discoveries respecting the po- larization of light, and showing that light may acquire properties identical with either of two rays yielded by refraction through Iceland spar by the process of simple reflection at a particular angle from any transparent body. This famous memoir received an academical prize at the suggestion of Laplace. He also published an ay on the Measurement of the Refractive Force of Opaque Bodies;" " Re- marks on some new Optical Phenomena," in- tended to prove that two portions of light are always polarized together in opposite direc- tions ; a paper " On Phenomena accompanying Refraction and Reflection," and one "On the Axis of Refraction of Crystals." MALYERN, Great, a town of Worcestershire, England, celebrated as a watering place, on the E. side of the Malvern hills, 8 m. S. S. W. of Worcester ; pop. in 1871, 7,825. The springs, which are sulphuretted and slightly tepid, are especially beneficial in glandular and skin com- plaints. They are situated between Great and Little Malvern, the latter place being 4 m. S. of the former, which is surrounded by fine country residences and contains delightful walks and good accommodations for bathers and visitors. There are several schools, an ex- cellent library and reading room, and a chapel of the countess of Huntingdon's connection. The ancient church, formerly part of a monas- tery founded by Edward the Confessor, is one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture in England. The Malvern hills, which reach a height of about 1,400 ft., extend about 9 m. N. and S. MALVERN HILL, Battle of. See CHICKAIIOMINY. MALVOISINE, or Mawmoislne, William de, a Scot- tish ecclesiastic, died July 9, 1238. He was educated and perhaps born in France, but was at an early age archdeacon of St. Andrews. In 1199 he became chancellor of Scotland, in 1200 bishop of Glasgow, and in 1202 bishop of St. Andrews, retaining the latter see until his death. In 1211, as papal legate, in concert with the bishop of Glasgow, and at the request of the pope, he convened a council of the clergy and people at Perth to urge an expedition to the Holy Land. In 1214 he officiated at the