Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XI.djvu/888

870 MOTH MOTHERWELL die worms ; the agrotidians or rustic and dart moths and cut worms ; and the mamestrians, like the zebra, painted, and wheat caterpillars, and cotton worms. III. GeometrcB or phalce- nites of Latreille, including the geometers, span worms, and loopers, so called from their man- ner of moving. The characters of this tribe are sufficiently given under CANKER WORM. It contains the genus phalana, which has been divided into many subgenera. IV. Pyralides or delta moths (included in the deltoides and tineites of Latreille), nearly allied to the geom- eters, and so called from the triangular A form of the closed wing ; the body is long and slen- der, the fore wings rather narrow and elonga- ted, antennae long and generally simple, and the legs slender; most of them fly by night, preferring moist localities. Here belong the meal moth (pyralis farinalia), the grease or tabby moth, the day-flying simaethis (remark- able for their gyrations after alighting), the aquatic hydrocampa, &c. (living in cylindrical leafy cases in the larva state), and the hop-vine hypena. V. Tortrices or leaf-rollers, so named from the habit of most of their larvae of making rolls of leaves fastened by silk, serving both for habitations and food ; they have 16 legs, and are mostly naked. The moths rarely expand more than an inch, and carry their wings when at rest like a steep roof ; the fore wings are very broad at the shoulders, and are generally pret- tily banded and spotted ; the hind wings are plain; the antennae thread-like, the tongue short, the body thick, and the legs short ; they fly only at night, and are most abundant in midsummer. The bud caterpillars are fre- quently very injurious in orchards and flower gardens, fastening the tender leaves together and eating the substance of the bud, and some bore into and destroy young fruits ; apricots, peaches, and plums often suffer much in this way. The turpentine moths pierce the tender shoots and terminal buds of the fir and pine trees, the seat of their depredations being indi- cated by the oozing of the resin. The moth of the apple worm (carpocapsa pomonella), which expands three fourths of an inch, may be known by a large oval brown spot, edged with copper, on the hinder margin of the fore wings; they lay their eggs on the young sum- mer apples in July evenings, dropping them one by one in the hollow at the blossom end of the fruit ; the larvae are hatched in a few days, and at once burrow toward the centre, only one being commonly found in each fruit ; it reaches the full size in about three weeks, by which time it has burrowed in various di- rections, getting rid of the refuse fragments by a hole which it gnaws in the side, through which it also escapes after the premature fall of the fruit; they make silken cocoons, and are not generally changed to moths till the fol- lowing summer. Pears and cranberries are affected by a worm apparently the same as that of the apple. VI. Tinea (tineites, Latr.), the moths par excellence of the household, the destroyers of clothing, carpets, furs, &c., and those referred to in the Scriptures and by the old writers. The Iarva3 are smooth, with 16 feet, living usually in cases made from the fragments of the substances which they devour fastened together with silk, in which they move freely and unseen. Though the smallest of the lepi- doptera, they are among the most beautiful and the most destructive. Here belong, among the crambidcs, the bee or wax moth (galleria cereana), noticed under BEE ; among the tinea- dce, the clothes moth (tinea vestianella), carpet moth (T. tapetzella), fur' moth (T. pellionelld), hair moth (T. crinella), and grain moth (T. granella) ; and among the yponomentadce, the pack moth (anacampsis sarcitella), destructive to wool and its fabrics, and the Angoumois grain moth (butalis cerealella). The best pre- . ventives against moths in household articles are to put them away before May or June where the moths cannot reach them when about to lay their eggs ; to expose them to the air and sun for hours, after a good beating to dislodge any insects or eggs; to brush over their retreats with turpentine ; to strew cam- phor, black pepper, tobacco, or shavings of Russia leather under or among carpets, wool- lens, furs, or feathers, when they are put away for the summer ; the use of camphor wood or cedar trunks; corrosive sublimate washings, tobacco, and sulphur fumigations, and the ac- tion of heat and steam. For an account of the American and European grain moths, see WHEAT MOTH. VII. Alucitce or feather- winged moths, equivalent to the pterophorites of La- treille. These may be known by the longi- tudinal division of their wings into narrow fringed branches like feathers; the antenna are slender and tapering, the tongue long, the body and legs long and slender, the wings at rest not covering the body, but standing out like a folded fan ; the flight is slow and feeble, sometimes diurnal, sometimes nocturnal; the larva are short and thick, slightly hairy, with 16 legs, living on leaves and flowers, and con- structing no cases. There are few species, and they are rarely injurious to man. MOTHE (or Motte) CADILLAC. See CADILLAC. MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKEN. See PETREL. MOTHER OF PEARL. See PEARL. MOTHERWELL, William, a Scottish poet, born in Glasgow, Oct. 13, 1797, died there, Nov. 1, 1835. He was educated at the grammar school in Paisley, and at the age of 15 was placed in the office of the sheriff clerk of that place. He was sheriff clerk depute of the coun- ty of Renfrew from 1819 to 1829. In 1819 he edited the "Harp of Renfrewshire," a collec- tion of songs and poems. In 1827 appeared his "Minstrelsy, Ancient and Modern," with an elaborate historical introduction and notes, and several original poems in antique guise. He edited for a year the "Paisley Magazine," and printed in it some of his best poems, and between 1828 and 1830 conducted the "Paisley Advertiser." In the latter year he took charge