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174: NATURAL PHILOSOPHY In the foregoing enumeration some countries are omitted, because their laws could not be accurately ascertained, and many countries of Asia and Africa are not noticed for the reason that they have no regulations upon the_subject. In the largest of these countries, China, for- eigners are by the imperial code perpetually excluded, except within certain prescribed lim- its, unless where provision is made for more extended privileges by treaty. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, a term formerly used to include all those sciences which relate to the material universe, in contradistinction to those which relate to the mind or metaphysics. The wide extent of the term and its conse- quent vagueness have led to a gradual restric- tion of its application, until at present it em- braces only mechanics and physics. For the former, see the article MECHANICS. The term physics is usually considered as including the sciences of hydromechanics, pneumatics, acous- tics, heat, light, electricity, and magnetism. Each of these will be found treated in this Cyclopedia under its appropriate head. NAUHEIM, a watering place of Hesse-Darm- stadt, Germany, 17 m. N. of Frankfort; pop. about 2,500. The salt works here are of great antiquity, but baths were iirst established in 1834, and the number of visitors is now about 3,000 a year. A fountain bored in 1838 down to the bed of natural salt gave out in 1848, but a new one soon took its place. In Decem- ber, 1846, a slight shock of earthquake brought forth another fountain from a hole bored some years before. This affords water for the old and new bath houses, and produces annually 75,000 quintals of salt. A still more recent fountain, the Friedrich-Wilhelm's Sprudel, dis- charges a column of water 12 in. in diameter from the top of a shaft 15 ft. high. These wa- ters, used both for bathing and drinking, are efficacious in diseases of the skin and bowels. The Kurhaus is a fine building surrounded by a park. Gaming tables, which formerly existed, have been abolished. The mineral waters of Nauheim and vicinity are largely exported. NAUMAM, Johann Friedrich, a German orni- thologist, born at Ziebigk, near Kothen, Feb. 14, 1780, died in Kothen, Aug. 15, 1857. He was the son of the ornithologist Johann An- dreas ISTaumann, studied at Dessau, and devoted himself especially to the study of the birds of Germany. Besides other works, he published Naturgeschifhte der Vogel Deutschlands (13 vols., Leipsic, 1822-'52), embellished by plates, a large number of which he engraved himself. NAUMAM. I. Johann Gottlieb, a German com- poser, born at Blase witz, near Dresden, April 17, 1741, died in Dresden, Oct. 23, 1801. When 13 years of age he went to Italy, and afterward settled in Venice, where he remained eight years, teaching and composing music. In 1765 he returned to Dresden, and was appointed composer to the elector of Saxony. Shortly after he made a second journey to Italy, and in 1772 a third, when he resided two years at NAUMBURG Rome, and in 13 months composed five operas. In his later years he composed much church music. Among his operas are " Cora," " Am- phion," " Orpheus," and " Gustavus Vasa." II. Karl Friedrieh, a German mineralogist, son of the preceding, born in Dresden, May 30, 1797, died in Leipsic in January, 1874. He was educated at Freiberg, Leipsic, and Jena, made a scientific journey to Norway in 1821 and 1822, and published Beitrdge zur Kennt- niss Norwegens (2 vols., Leipsic, 1824). In 1826 he succeeded Mohs in the chair of crys- tallography at Freiberg, and in 1835 was also appointed professor of geognosy. In 1842 he went to the university of Leipsic as professor of mineralogy and geognosy, and in 1866 he was made privy counsellor of mines. Among his remaining works are: Anfangsgrunde der Krystallographie (Dresden, 1841 ; 2ded., 3 vols., Leipsic, 1854) ; Elemente der Mineralogie (8th ed., 1871) ; and Lehrluch der Geognosie (1850 ; 2d ed., 3 vols., 1858-'67). III. Moritz Ernst Adolf, a German physician, brother of the preceding, born in Dresden, Oct. 6, 1798, died in Bonn, Oct. 19, 1871. He took his degree at Leipsic, and was adjunct professor there in 1824-'5, and subsequently in Berlin till 1828, when he be- came professor at Bonn. Among his works are : Handbuch der medicinischen Klinik (8 vols., Berlin, 1829-'39; 2d ed., 11 vols., 1839-'47); Pathogenic (3 vols., 1841-'5) ; Allgemeine Pa- tholog'ie und Therapie (1851) ; Ergebnisse und Studien aus der medicinischen Klinik zu Bonn (2 vols., Leipsic, 1858-'61) ; and Die Naturwis- senschaften und der Mater ialismus (Bonn, 1869). IV. Emil, a German composer and author, son of the preceding, born in Berlin, Sept. 8, 1828. He studied under Mendelssohn, and in 1848 produced his first important work, the oratorio Ghristus der Friedensbote. About 1852 he pub- lished Die Umgestaltung der protestantischen Kirchenmmik, and was soon after appointed director of church music at Berlin. Among his compositions are the cantata Zerstorung Jerusalem's, the operas Judith and Muhlenhexe, the overture to Lorelei, and many pieces of church music. He has published Ueber die Einfuhrung des Psalmengesanges in der evan- gelischen Kirche (1856), and Die Tonkunst in der Culturgeschichte (1869-'70). XAO1BFRG, a fortified town of Prussia, in the province of Saxony, on the Saale, near the junction of the Unstrut, 23 m. S. S, "W. of Halle; pop. in 1871, 15,120. It is an ac- tive manufacturing and commercial town, but the once famous fair of Naumburg has lost its importance. Among the principal build- ings are the cathedral, one of the finest spe- cimens of German mediaeval architecture, re- markable for its lofty towers and -double choir, completed in 1349, and the restoration of which was begun in 1874, and the church of St. Wenceslas, with a famous picture of " Christ blessing Little Children," by Cranach. It is the seat of the Protestant cathedral chap- ter of Naumburg-Zeitz, and has one Roman