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224 NEMESIS NEMESIS, in Grecian mythology, a daughter of Night, though sometimes called a daughter either of Erehus or of Oceanus. She was a personification of conscience, and is mentioned by Hesiod in connection with JEdos (Shame). It was believed by the Greeks that the gods were enemies of excessive human happiness, and that there was a power which preserved a proper compensation in human affairs, from which it was impossible for the sinner to es- cape. This power was embodied in Nemesis, who was in a special manner the avenger of family crimes and the humbler of the over- bearing, and was particularly worshipped at Rhamnus, Patrse, and Oyzicus. She was usu- ally represented in works of art as a virgin, sometimes standing in a thoughtful attitude, holding in her left hand a bridle or branch of an ash tree, and in her right a wheel with a sword or scourge. NEMESIUS, bishop of Emesa, a Greek phi- losopher who flourished about 400. He has been identified by some writers with another Nemesius, a friend of Gregory Nazianzen, and governor of Cappadocia. Nemesius wrote a complete treatise on anthropology (Ilepi Qvaeo? 'Avdp&Trov), in which the Neo-Platonic philoso- phy predominates. He maintains the preex- istence of souls and the freedom of the will, affirms that this world is not to be destroyed, and denies the existence of a world-soul and the transmigration of spirits. Passages of this work are considered by some modern writers to indicate a knowledge of the circulation of the blood and the functions of the liver. It was first attributed to Gregory Nazianzen, and a Latin translation of it was published under his name by Burgundius Pisanus (fol., Stras- burg, 1512), and a second 'Latin translation by Giorgio Valla (Lyons, 1538). The Greek text, with the true authorship, was published separately by Nicasius Ellebodius (Antwerp, 1565), by Matthaus (Halle, 1802), and in vol. xl. of Migne's Patrologie grecque. There are translations into English by George Wither (London, 1636), into German by Osterham- mer (Salzburg, 1819), and into French by J. B. Thibault (Paris, 1844). NEMI (anc. lacm Nemorensis and Speculum Diance, mirror of Diana), a lake of Italy, 17 m. S. E. of Rome, famous in antiquity for a temple of Diana. This was situated 3 m. from Aricia (now La Eiccia), an ancient city of Latium, which thence received the surname Nemoralis. On the N. E. shore of the lake is the village of Nemi, on the site of the ancient town of Nemus. Lake Nemi is smaller than Lake Albano, and of a more regular shape, and is surrounded in every direction by steep, high, and wooded hills. It was once the crater of a volcano. The lake has no visible natural outlet, the wa- ters being carried off by an ancient artificial passage. It is a favorite subject of painters. NEMOURS, Louis Charles Philippe Raphael d'Or- tfans, duke de, a French prince, the second son of Louis Philippe, born in Paris, Oct. 25, NEO-PLATONISM 1814. He was in February, 1831, elected king of the Belgians by the national congress as- sembled at Brussels, but his father prohibit- ed him from accepting the crown. He served in the Belgian campaign of 1831, and subse- quently in Algeria, where he gained in 1837 the rank of lieutenant general. The chamber declined in 1840 to grant him 500,000 francs, which led to the overthrow of the Soult cabi- net. He married in the same year the prin- cess Victoria of Saxe-Ooburg-Gotha. In 1841 he returned to the army in Algeria. The death of his elder brother, the duke of Orleans (July 13, 1842), led to a proposition, which was not adopted, to make him regent in the event of his father's death. On the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he accompanied the duch- ess of Orleans on her fruitless errand to the chamber, and subsequently he remained with the rest of the Orleans family in England till 1871, when they were permitted to reside in France. The duchess died Nov. 10, 1857, leav- ing two sons : the count d'Eu, husband of the presumptive empress of Brazil, and a marshal in the Brazilian army; and the duke d'Alen- con (born at Neuilly, July 12, 1844), a naval officer, who married a Bavarian princess in 1868. The princess Marguerite, the eldest of the duke's two daughters, married the Polish prince Ladislas Czartoryski, Jan. 15, 1872. NENA SAHIB. See NANA SAHIB. NENNIUS, a doubtful British historian, sup- posed to have flourished in the early part of the 9th century, though Vossius places him in the 7th. According to several passages of the work attributed to him, he was a monk of Ban- gor in Wales. This work is entitled ffistoria Britonum, or Eulogium Britannim, and relates the history of Britain from the arrival of Bru- tus the Trojan, grandson of ^Eneas, to A. D. 655. The best edition is that of Stevenson (London, 1838). An English translation by the Rev. W. Gunn has been republished in Bohn's " Antiquarian Library" (London, 1848). NEOGRAD. See N6GRAD. NEO-PLATONISM, a system of philosophy and theosophy whose original seat was Alexandria, where it sprang up toward the end of the 2d century. Its founder was Ammonius Sac- cas, who was brought up by his parents in the Christian faith, but renounced it and became a Hellenist. He died A. D. 243. His most distinguished disciples were Plotinus, Longi- nus the philologist, and two Origens, one of whom surnamed Adamantius was the famous father of the church. About two centuries ear- lier Philo, an Alexandrian Jew, born probably a few years before Christ, had promulgated a sys- tem by which he sought to reconcile the phi- losophy of Plato with the teachings of Moses. He held that the Hebrew Scriptures contained an internal sense in which were hidden all the doctrines of the Greek philosophy. (See PHILO JUD^US.) Ammonius endeavored to rec- oncile the doctrines of Aristotle with those of Plato, and both with Christianity, and hence