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276 NEW BRUNSWICK bee, and 220 in other parts of Canada, 2,409 in Prince Edward island and Newfoundland, 23,065 in Ireland, 4,691 in Scotland, 4,558 in England and Wales, and 4,088 in the United States; 100,643 were of Irish, 83,598 of Eng- lish, 44,907 of French, 40,858 of Scotch, 6,004 of Dutch, 4,478 of German, 1,701 of African, and 1,096 of Welsh origin, and 1,403 were In- dians (chiefly Micrnacs and Malicetes) ; 145,888 were males and 139,706 females. There were 49,384 families and 43,579 occupied dwellings. There were 19,002 persons over 20 years of age unable to read (10,197 males and 8,805 females), and 27,669 (13,245 males and 14,424 females) unable to write. There were 306 deaf and dumb persons, 216 blind, and 788 of unsound mind. The surface of New Bruns- wick is generally flat or undulating. There are some elevated lands skirting the bay of Fundy and the St. John river, but the only section of a mountainous character is that on the border of Quebec in the north, where the country is beautifully diversified by oval-topped hills, from 500 to 800 ft. high, surrounded by valleys and table lands. The shores of the gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland strait, for about 15 in. inland, are low and skirted with marshes. The coast line of the province is 545 m. long, not including inden- tations of the land, and is interrupted only at the point of junction with Nova Scotia, where an isthmus not more than 14 m. wide connects the two provinces, and separates the waters of Northumberland strait from those of the bay of Fundy. The coast of this bay is generally bold and rocky. There are numerous good harbors, particularly on the S. portion of the E. coast. The principal bays are the Nepisi- guit, opening into the bay of Chaleurs ; Mira- michi and Shediac, on the E. coast ; Passama- quoddy, at the S. W. extremity of the prov- ince; and the harbor of St. John, on the S. coast. Bay Yerte and Chignecto bay are op- r'te each other, the former E. and the latter of the isthmus that connects with Nova Scotia. The principal islands are Grand Manan, at the entrance of the bay of Fundy ; Campo Bello and Deer islands, in Passamaquoddy bay; Portage island, in Miramichi bay; and Shippegan and Miscou islands, at the N. E. ex- tremity of the province. The largest river is the St. John, which for 75 m. below the mouth of the St. Francis forms the boundary with Maine, and afterward entering the province flows S. E. for 225 m., emptying into the bay of Fundy at St. John. It is navigable by ves- sels of 120 tons to Fredericton, 84 m. from its mouth, and by small steamers to Grand Falls, 140 m. further up. The chief tributaries are the St. Francis (which separates the W. ex- tremity of the province from Maine), Mada- waska, and Green, from the north; the To- bique, Nashwaak, Salmon, Washademoak, and Kennebaccasis, from the east ; and the Aroos- took and Oromocto, from the west. The St. Croix forms the S. portion of the Maine boun- dary. It is about 125 m. long, and is navi- gable to St. Stephen, 15 m. above its mouth in Passamaquoddy bay. The Peticodiac, about 100 m. long, empties into the bay of Fundy near its head ; it is navigable by large vessels for 25 m., and for schooners of 60 or 80 tons to the head of tide, 12 m. further. The N. portion of the province is drained by the Res- tigouche, which forms a part of the boundary with Quebec, and empties into the bay of Cha- leurs. It is navigable by large vessels for 18 m. Its chief tributaries in New Brunswick are the Upsalquitch and Wetomkegewick. The Nepisiguit river after a course of about 100 m. empties into the bay of the same name. The Miramichi river flows N. E. about 225 m., and discharges into Miramichi bay ; it is navigable by large vessels for 25 m., and for schooners to the head of tide, 20 m. further up. The Richi- bucto river, navigable for small vessels for 15 m., empties into the gulf of St. Lawrence, at Richibucto, near the entrance of North- umberland strait. The principal lakes are Grand lake, 25 m. long by 6 m. wide, which discharges into the river St. John, 50 m. from the sea; Oromocto lake, which gives rise to the river of the same name ; and Grand lake on the Maine border, the source of the St. Oroix. The geological structure of the prov- ince is not remarkable. The N. W. portion is occupied by the upper Silurian formation. Bordering on this, and stretching S. W. across the province from Nepisiguit bay, crossing the St. John river just above Fredericton, are two belts of lower Silurian, enclosing a belt of gra- nitic and similar rocks. S. E. of these the coun- try is carboniferous. Small areas of the De- vonian, Huronian, and Laurentian formations occur along the bay of Fundy. Gypsum, free- stone, and grindstone abound. The deposits of bituminous coal in the central portion of the province are very extensive, but the min- eral occurs in thin seams. Only a small quan- tity is mined. Salt springs are numerous. Copper is found on the banks of the Nepisi- guit river and plumbago near St. John. Anti- mony, iron ore, manganese, and other minerals also occur in considerable quantities. The cli- mate is healthy, though it is subject to great extremes. The S. portion has a considerably milder temperature than the N., but the whole country is covered with snow for about four months of the year (from December to April). S. W. winds in summer often produce dense fogs on the bay of Fundy, which extend 15 or 20 m. inland. The autumn is long, and is the pleasantest season of the year, the air being clear and dry. The extremes of temperature in the interior are 30 and +95. E. of the St. John the soil is deep and fertile ; W. of that river it is poorer. Indian corn is grown in the south ; wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, rye, potatoes, turnips, peas, beans, &c., yield abundantly. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, currants, gooseberries, and strawberries thrive. Grass grows luxuriantly, especially on the ex-