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282 NEW CASTLE NEWCASTLE cultivate plantations. They have introduced a variety of vegetables and fruits, including wheat and barley, and have been very suc- cessful in raising live stock. The number of the islanders who have embraced Christianity is estimated at about 5,000. They are found to be industrious and averse to drunkenness. The imports of the entire dependency were in 1870 valued at 3,249,182 francs, the exports at 203,650. The entrances into the ports were 10 French and 76 foreign vessels, the clearances 10 French and 77 foreign vessels. In 1872 the national assembly of France re- solved to deport the communists to the penin- sula of Ducos, and to allow them to engage in agriculture. Among them was Rochefort, who escaped in 1874. NEW CASTLE, a N. county of Delaware, bor- dering on Pennsylvania, bounded E. by Dela- ware river and bay, which separate it from New Jersey, and drained by Brandywine, Christiana, and other creeks; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 63,513, of whom 10,192 were colored. It has a diversified surface and fertile soil. It is intersected by the Philadel- phia, Wilmington, and Baltimore, the Wil- mington and Reading, and the Delaware rail- roads. The chief productions in 1870 were 504,284 bushels of wheat, 1,002,519 of Indian corn, 353,371 of oats, 200,137 of potatoes, 31,490 tons of hay, 17,555 Ibs. of wool, 765,746 of butter, and 4,435 gallons of sorghum molas- ses. There were 7,464 horses, 883 mules and asses, 11,733 milch cows, 1,364 working oxen, 6,817 other cattle, 5,185 sheep, and 9,988 swine. The number of manufacturing estab- lishments was 459, chiefly in Wilmington, hav- ing a capital of $9,995,175, and an annual product of $15,093,131. The principal were 26 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 3 of freight and passenger cars, 6 of cotton goods, 1 of gunpowder, 6 of forged and rolled iron, 8 of castings, 18 of leather, 7 of machinery, 2 of matches, 16 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 7 of woollen goods, 36 flour mills, and 5 ship yards. Capital, New Castle. NEW CASTLE, a borough and the capital of Lawrence co., Pennsylvania, on the Shenango river, at the mouth of Neshannock creek, 45 m. N. N. W. of Pittsburgh; pop. in 1870, 6,164. It is situated 2 m. above the junction of the Shenango with Mahoning river, on the Beaver and Erie canal, and on the Erie and Pittsburgh, and a branch of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad. Its manu- factures of iron and glass are extensive. There are also flour mills, three banks, a savings in- stitution, graded public schools, four weekly newspapers, and ten churches. NEWCASTLE. I. William Cayendish, duke of, an English general, born in 1592, died Dec. 25, 1676. He was the nephew of William Caven- dish, founder of the ducal house of Devon- shire, succeeded in 1617 to large estates, and devoted himself to poetry, music, and other accomplishments. In 1620 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Ogle and Viscount Mans- field, and in 1628 was created earl of Newcastle- upon-Tyne. At the outbreak of the civil wars he sided with the king, to whose treasury he contributed 10,000, and took the field at the head of 200 cavaliers. He was intrusted with the command of the four northern counties, and raising an army of 10,000 men, he pros- trated the power of the parliament in that part of England, defeated Sir Thomas Fair- fax at Atherton Moor, June 30, 1643, and was made marquis of Newcastle. Subsequently he held the Scots in check at Durham, but was obliged in April, 1644, in consequence of the defeat of Col. Bellasis at Selby, to throw himself with all his forces into York, where for the next three months he sustained an investment by a greatly superior army under Fairfax. Upon the advance of the royal army under Rupert, he joined the latter with the greater part of the garrison, and endeavored to persuade him that, having raised the siege, he had better defer a battle until the arrival of the reinforcements. His advice was disregarded, and the battle of Marston Moor was fought, which ruined the royal cause in the north. He then forced his way with a few followers to Scarborough, set sail for the continent, and established himself in Antwerp. His estates having been sequestrated by parliament in 1652, he lived in extreme poverty during the protectorate; but on the restoration he re- ceived substantial honors, and in March, 1664, was created earl of Ogle and duke of New- castle. Clarendon says he was "a very fine gentleman, active and full of courage." He was the author of " A New Method to Dress Horses" (published in French, Antwerp, 1658, and in English, with alterations, London, 1667), and of several comedies ; and is said to have written the more licentious passages in his wife's comedies. His duchess sketched his character and career in her "Life of the thrice Noble, High, and Puissant Prince Wil- liam Cavendishe, Duke, Marquis, and Earl of Newcastle" (fol., London, 1667). II. Marga- ret Cavendish, duchess of, second wife of the preceding, an English authoress, born at St. Johns, near Colchester, Essex, about 1625, died in December, 1673. She was the youngest daughter of Thomas Lucas, and informs us that " it pleased God to command his servant nature to indue her with a poetical and phil- osophical genius even from her birth, for she did write some books even in that kind before she was 12 years of age." Joining the court at Oxford in 1643, she was appointed a maid of honor to Queen Henrietta Maria, and ac- companied her to Paris, where she met the marquis of Newcastle, whom she married in 1645, and accompanied to Antwerp. At the restoration they returned to England, and the remainder of their lives they spent in retire- ment, perpetrating an unlimited amount of bad prose and worse poetry. Both in conver- sation and in print, each spoke of the other as