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286 NEW ENGLAND NEWFOUNDLAND NEW MGLAOT), the N. E. portion of the Uni- ted States, comprising the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. It extends from lat. 41 to 47 32' N., and from Ion. 66 52' to 73 50' W., with an area of 68,460 sq. m., and a population in 1870 of 3,487,924. It has a coast line of about 700 m., without allowing for the smaller inlets, and constitutes a large part of the great peninsula which, including Nova Sco- tia, New Brunswick, and parts of Quebec, Can- ada, is formed by the Atlantic ocean, the St. Lawrence, and the connected waters of Lakes Champlain and George and the Hudson river. It was originally granted for colonization by James I. in 1606 to the Plymouth company un- der the name of North Virginia, and received its present name from Capt. John Smith, who in 1614 explored and made a map of the coast. For the details of the geography and history of New England, see the articles on the states of which it is composed. XEWFOFiXDLAND, a British North American colony, comprising the island of the same name, and the coast of Labrador from Blanc Sablon bay (lat. 51 25' N., Ion. 57 9' W.), at the W. entrance of the strait of Belle Isle, to Cape Chudleigh (lat. 60 37' N., Ion. 65 W.), at the E. entrance of Hudson strait, a distance of about 750 m. (See LABEADOE.) The island lies at the mouth of the gulf of St. Lawrence, between lat. 46 37' and 51 40' N., and Ion. 52 40' and 59 31' W., and is separated from Lab- rador on the northwest by the strait of Belle Isle, 12 m. wide. Cape Ray, its S. W. point, is 65 m. from Cape North, the N. E. point of Cape Breton. Its length N. and S. near the 56th meridian is 325 in., and near the 54th meridian 180 m. ; its width varies from about 45 m. N. of the 50th parallel to 310 m. between Cape Ray and St. John's ; area, 40,200 sq. m. The portion extending N. from Cape St. John on the N. E. coast around the N. extremity of the island, and thence S. to Cape Ray, a dis- tance of about 450 m., on which the French have the right to fish, is known as the " French shore;" the remainder, from Cape Ray E. and N. to Cape St. John, about 610 m., is divided into 10 districts, embracing 15 electoral divi- sions (similar to counties), viz. : Bonavista, Burgeo and La Poile, Burin, Conception Bay with five divisions (Bay de Verds, Carbonear, Harbor Grace, Portdegrave, and Southern), Fer- ryland, Fortune Bay, Placentia and St. Mary's, St. John's with two divisions (East and West), Trinity, and Twillingate and Fogo. The chief towns are St. John's (pop. in 1869, 22,553), the capital and commercial centre, on the S. E. coast, and Harbor Grace (pop. 6,770) and Car- bonear (pop. 5,000), on Conception bay. Other important settlements are Twillingate (pop. 2,790), on Notre Dame bay; Bonavista (pop. 2,600), between Bonavista and Trinity bays; Brigus (2,000), on Conception bay; Greens- pond, on Bonavista bay ; Catalina and Trinity, on Trinity bay; Bay Roberts, on Conception bay; Torbay, on the S. E. coast, and Burin, on Placentia bay. The population nowhere ex- tends far inland, and the greater portion of the inhabitants are settled on the peninsula of Avalon and in the adjacent districts at the S. E. extremity of the island. The per- manent population in 1763 was about 7,500; in 1804, 20,000 ; since which it has increased rapidly. The population according to subse- quent censuses has been as follows: 1836, 75,- 096; 1845, 96,606; 1857, 124,288; 1869, 146,- 536, of whom 75,547 were males and 70,989 females; 1874, 161,455, of whom 8,651 were settled on the French shore, and 2,416 in Lab- rador. The figures for 1836 and 1845 do not include Labrador and the French shore. The inhabitants are chiefly emigrants or the de- scendants of emigrants from England and Ire- land. The aborigines of Newfoundland, who called themselves Beoths, and painted them- selves with red ochre, whence they were called Red Indians, are supposed to have become ex- tinct. There are a few Micmac Indians from New Brunswick in the island. The interior has never been thoroughly explored. In 1822 W. E. Cormack, a Scotchman, with a single attendant, crossed the island from Trinity bay to St. George's bay, and published a short account of his journey. In 1839 and 1840 a geological reconnoissance of the coast was made by Prof. J. B. Jukes, who in 1843 published a " General Report of the Geologi- cal Survey of Newfoundland." For some years past geological and topographical surveys by Alexander Murray have been in progress, and several annual reports have been made to the colonial government. The island is rugged and for the most part barren. The interior is an undulating plateau, interspersed at intervals of a few miles with low hills or ridges, marshes, aud lakes. The principal ranges of hills are the Long Range mountains, which run in a N. E. direction from Cape Ray to the Hum- ber river, by which they are cut, and thence N. to Bonne bay, and onward through the cen- tre of the N. peninsula to Castor river; the Cape Anguille mountains, a triangular range near that cape, rising to a height of 1,200 ft. or upward ; the Blow-me-down (properly Blomi- don) hills, between St. George's bay and the Humber arm, attaining near the latter an eleva- tion of 2,085 ft. ; a range crossing the river Exploits, about 30 m. from its mouth, which at the north rises to a summit called Hodge's hill, and S. of the river is known as the Shutebrook hills; a range running N. E. and S. W., and di- viding the waters of Gander bay from those of the bay of Exploits, which at the north, where it attains a height of nearly 1,000 ft., is called the Blue hills, and at the south Heart ridge ; a range bordering the W. shore of Placentia bay, and extending to Bonavista bay, which is more than 1,000 ft. high; and two ranges in the peninsula of Avalon. The easternmost of these, which probably does not rise above 700 ft., is flanked by two conical hills, called "But-