Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/304

292 NEW HAMPSHIRE including 12,955 born in British America, 2,679 in England, and 12,190 in Ireland. The density of population was 34*3 persons to a square mile. There were 72,144 families, with an average of 4*41 persons to each, and 67,046 dwellings, with an average of 4'75 to each. From 1860 to 1870 there was a decrease of 2*38 per cent, in the population, this being the only state except Maine in which there was not an increase. The number of male citizens 21 years old and upward was 83,361. There were in the state 78,766 persons between the ages of 5 and 18 years ; the total number attending school was 65,824. There were 7,618 10 years old and over unable to read, and 9,926 unable to write. Of the latter 1,992 were native and 7,934 foreign born; 7,656 were 21 years of age and upward, including 4,257 males. The number of paupers sup- ported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 2,636, at a cost of $235,126. Of the total number (2,129) receiving support June 1, 1870, 1,754 were of native and 375 of foreign birth. The number of persons convicted of crime during the year was 182 ; in prison June 1, 1870, 267, of whom 201 were native and 66 foreign. The state contained 206 blind, 170 deaf and dumb, 548 insane, and 325 idi- otic. Of the total population 10 years of age and over (260,426), there were engaged in all occupations 120,168 ; in agriculture, 46,573, of whom 15,666 were laborers and 30,749 farmers ; in professional and personal services, 18,528, including 664 clergymen, 7 r ,481 domes- tic servants, 4,686 laborers, 349 lawyers, 565 physicians and surgeons, and 1,987 teachers; in trade and transportation, 8,514; and in manufactures and mechanical and mining in- dustries, 46,553. The total number of deaths was 4,291, or 1*35 per cent, of the population. There were 953 deaths from consumption, there being 4'5 deaths from all causes to one from that disease, which was a greater ratio of deaths from consumption than in any oth- er state; from pneumonia, 364 deaths, there being ll - 8 deaths from all causes to one from that disease; cholera infantum, 139; diphthe- ria and scarlet fever, 147 ; enteric fever, 302 ; and diarrhoea, dysentery, and enteritis, 177. New Hampshire has but 18 m. of seacoast, and the shore in most places is a sandy beach, bordered with salt marshes. There are nu- merous creeks and coves, which form harbors for small craft ; but Portsmouth, at the mouth of the Piscataqua, is the only haven for large ships. The great feature in the topography is a mountainous ridge extending through the state in a direction E. of N. and parallel to the western border. West of this lies the Connec- ticut river basin; to the east the valleys of the Androscoggin, Saco, and Merrimack rivers. From the Massachusetts line to Warren in Graf- ton co., 80 m., the height of this ridge averages 1,500 ft., the most prominent mountains be- ing, according to the recent survey by Prof. Hitchcock, Monadnock, 3,186; Sunapee, 2,683; Smart's, 2,500; Cuba, 2,927; and Piermont, 2,500. Between Warren and Randolph in Coos co., 40 m., the height of the ridge averages 4,000 ft., as it consists of the main line of the White mountains, the most prominent mountains be- ing Moosilauke, 4,811 ft.; Blue, 4,370; Kins- man, 4,200; Lafayette, 5,259; Haystack, 4,500; Twins, 4,920; Field, 4,070; Webster, 4,000; Jackson, 4, 100; Clinton, 4,320 ; Pleasant, 4, 764; Franklin, 4,904; Monroe, 5,384; Washington, 6,293; Clay, 5,553; Jefferson, 5,714; Adams, 5,794; and Madison, 5,365. The lowest gaps in this section are the Woodstock notch, 1,655 ft. ; Franconia notch, 2,014 ; Pinkham notch, 2,018 ; White Mountain notch, 1,914 ; and Dixville notch, 1,831. The height of the re- maining portion averages 2,000 ft., the highest points being Randolph, 3,043; peak in Erving's Location, 3,156; Pisgah, 2,897; Carmel, 3,711 ; and the highest elevation along the northern boundary, 2,917 ft. The lowest gaps along the whole line are at the Orange summit of the Northern railroad, 990 ft. ; at the Warren sum- mit of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal rail- road, 1,063; at the Milan summit of the Grand Trunk railroad, 1,087 ; at the Newbury summit of Concord and Claremont railroad, 1,161 ; and at the summits of proposed railroads in Harris- ville and Stoddard, 1,265 and 1,560. The coun- try S. of the White mountains and E. of the great watershed is mostly below 600 ft., save a few peaks like Kearsarge, 2,943, Gunstock, 2,394, Crotched, 2,066, Great Moose, 1,404, and Crop- pie Crown, 2,100. The average elevation of the whole state is 1,200 ft. Considering the whole area of the state, there is one peak over 6,000 ft., 8 between 5,000 and 6,000, 14 between 4,500 and 5,000, 20 between 4,000 and 4,500, 28 between 3,000 and 4,000, and nearly 40 between 2,000 and 3,000. The White mountains cover an area of 1,270 sq. m. The general slope of the country is from N. to S. With the exception of Niagara falls, the mountain scenery of New Hampshire attracts more tourists than any other natural object in the United States. (See WHITE MOUNTAINS.) The Connecticut river, which is the largest stream, rises near the N. extremity, and with Hall's stream forms the W. boundary ; the chief tributaries which it receives from this state are Hall's, Indian, and Perry streams, and the Up- per Ammonoosuck in the north, and the Sugar, Cold, Ashuelot, Mohawk, Israel's, John's, Lower Ammonoosuck, Oliverion, and Mascoma in the south. The Merrimack is formed by the junc- tion of the Pemigewasset, which rises in the Franconia mountains, and the Winnipiseogee, the outlet of the lake of the same name, at Franklin, and runs S. through the middle of the state to Massachusetts. Baker's river, rising near Moosilauke mountain, unites with the Pemigewasset at Plymouth. Other impor- tant tributaries are the Newfound, Contoocook, Piscataquog, Souhegan, and Nashua rivers on the west, and the Soucook and Suncook on the east. The Piscataqua river is formed by a