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NEWMAN" 315 heading of " Church Reform." He now wrote the historical sketches that appeared in the "British Magazine," and were afterward printed collectively as " The Church of the Fathers," aided in editing " The Library of the Fathers," and delivered lectures on " The Prophetical Office of the Church viewed rela- tively to Romanism and popular Protestantism" (London, 1837). In 1837 appeared his "Essay on Justification," controverting the Lutheran doctrine on that subject, while his " University Sermons" discuss the relation of faith and reason, and investigate the ultimate basis of religious belief. In the summer of 1838 he published a pamphlet on the " Real Presence," in which, seeking to give to the eucharistic doctrine an intellectual basis, he denied the ob- jective reality of space. He now became edi- tor of the " British Critic," and remained so till July, 1841. The bishop of Oxford having in 1838 animadverted publicly on the " Tracts for the Times," Dr. Pusey replied by denying their Romanizing tendencies. This opposition emboldened the traetarian writers, and Dr. Newman defined more and more clearly the relative positions of Anglicanism and Roman- ism, till his attempt to reconcile the Anglican teaching of the thirty-nine articles with Ro- man Catholic dogma culminated in Tract No. 90 in February, 1841. He was called upon to withdraw the tract, but refused. When the British and Prussian governments created a bishopric in Jerusalem (1841), he protested against the alliance about to be contracted in the East " with Nestorians, Monophy sites, &c." In February, 1843, he made a formal retrac- tion of the charges which he had uttered against the church of Rome, and in Septem- ber gave up "his living and resigned his office as a clergyman. To his house at Littlemore he had invited several persons whose minds were disturbed like his own, and this was repre- sented as an attempted revival of monasticism. He busied himself and his associates with "Translations from Athanasins," and writing a series called " Lives of the English Saints," in order to give the writers " an interest in the English soil and the English church, and keep them from seeking sympathy with Rome." Some thirty writers were engaged in this work, the lives to form a periodical series with Dr. Newman as editor. The first two numbers only, containing the "Life of St. Stephen Har- ding " and " The Family of St. Richard," were edited by him, the others being published in- dependently by their respective authors. He began his "Essay on the Development of Doc- trine" in the beginning of 1845, was received into the Roman Catholic church Oct. 9, and left Oxford finally Feb. 23, 1846. Soon after- ward Dr. Wiseman called him to Oscott, and thence sent him to Rome. There he took orders, and returning to England in 1848 es- tablished two houses of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri at Brompton and Birmingham, be- coming superior of the latter, which in a few years was transferred to Edgbaston. There he built a large convent and a spacious church, with a school for the sons of the gentry, and poor schools and other pious institutions in the neighborhood. He published in succession "Loss and Gain" (1848) ; " Sermons to Mixed Congregations" (1849); "Lectures on certain Difficulties felt by Anglicans in submitting to the Catholic Church " (1850) ; " Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England " (1851); and "Lectures on the History of the Turks in its relation 'to Christianity " (1853). In April, 1853, he was sued for libel by the ex- Dominican Achilli, and lost the suit, the costs of which were paid by public subscription. In 1854 he w/as appointed by the pope rector of the newly founded Catholic university of Dub- lin. Here, besides conducting the " Atlantis," the organ of the institution, he delivered sev- eral series of discourses and lectures on uni- versities and university education, published in the collection of his works ; " Sermons preached on Various Occasions" (1857); and "Callista, a Sketch of the Third Century." He resigned the rectorship of the university in 1859, and devoted himself to his labors and duties in the Oratory. Canon Kingsley having in "Macmillan's Magazine" for Janu- ary, 1864, accused Dr. Newman and the Ro- man Catholic priesthood generally of thinking lightly of the virtue of veracity, a correspon- dence on this subject ensued, which was pub- lished in a pamphlet in February. This drew forth a second pamphlet from Kingsley, in which the imputation was renewed and aggra- vated. Dr. Newman replied in " Apologia pro Vita sua," issued in weekly numbers between April 21 and June 2, with an appendix on June 16, 1864. This work was afterward em- bodied in his " History of my Religious Opin- ions " (1865). In 1864 appeared "Verses on Various Occasions," and in 1865 "Letter" to the Rev. E. B. Pusey, D. D.," in reply to some assertions in the latter's " Eirenicon," relative to the honors paid to the Virgin Mary. At the approach of the Vatican council a letter from Dr. Newman was published expressing dissatisfaction with the ultramontanes for ur- ging factiously the definition of pontifical in- fallibility, but professing belief in the doctrine itself. In 1 870 appeared a philosophical trea- tise entitled " An Essay in aid of a Grammar of Assent;" and in 1875, "A History of Ari- anism." In January, 1875, Dr. Newman pub- lished "A Letter addressed to his Grace the Duke of Norfolk, on occasion of Mr. Glad- stone's recent Expostulation." A new uni- form edition of Dr. Newman's complete works was begun in London in 1870, of which 25 volumes had been issued up to December, 1874. II. Francis William, an English author, brother of the preceding, born in London, June 27, 1805. He graduated at Worcester college, Oxford, in 1826, and in November became a fellow of Balliol college, which position he resigned in 1830, being unable conscientiously